AP World History Period 4 Test – Flashcards
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Which of the following was generally more true of Catholics than Protestants in European colonies?
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Catholics were more intent on converting native peoples.
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What made Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses revolutionary?
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The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith alone.
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Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?
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The Jesuits' knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, technology, geography, and mapmaking was useful to the Chinese.
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What similar feature did Andean Christianity and Mexican Christianity share?
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Both reinterpreted Christian practices within the framework of local customs.
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Which of the following was a goal of the Wahhabi movement?
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To return to the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam.
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What did both Wang Yangmin in his view of Confucianism and Martin Luther in his view of Christianity think?
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They argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.
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Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?
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They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.
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During the centuries between 1450 and 1750, the spread of Islam was usually done by who?
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The work of Muslim holy men, scholars, and traders.
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What condition in Europe that was absent in China and the Islamic world contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
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The relative independence of European universities
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In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences depart from Enlightenment principles?
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They emphasized conflict and struggle as the motors of progress.
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How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?
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The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.
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Which of the following describes the reception of modern European science in China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?
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Selective adoption of European scientific learning.
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After they established sea routes in the Indian Ocean what did the Portuguese do?
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They conquered several strategic port cities.
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How did Tokugawa shoguns treat Europeans in the Japan in the early seventeenth century (1600s)?
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Banned all Europeans, except for the Dutch.
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What was the difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese strongholds in the Indian Ocean Basin?
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Spanish: Held larger amounts of land, wanted to convert the native populations to Christianity.
Portuguese: Held smaller amounts of land, wanted to control trade and commerce, didn't convert native peoples.
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What was the impact of the European presence in the Indian Ocean on existing Asian commercial networks?
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Europeans created a network that became just one of many among a number of thriving Asian commercial networks.
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What was the difference between how the British East India Company operated in Mughal India and how the Dutch East India Company operated in what is now Indonesia?
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The British negotiated treaties with local Mughal/Indian rulers while the Dutch established control through conquest and colonization.
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What was the impact of the Little Ice Age?
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Provided incentive for Europeans to get into the fur trade business. This led to the Native Americans having a dependence on European goods.
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What was the incentive for the Portuguese to find a direct sea route to Asia?
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To circumvent the Muslim and Venetian monopolies on Indian Ocean Trade.
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What was the name of the 16th century colony in Asia?
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The Philippines.
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What item caused the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia?
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Silver
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How did the decision by the Chinese state to require the payment of taxes in silver in the 1570s affect the global economy?
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It made the value and demand for silver skyrocket.
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What was the effect of Japan emerging as a major source of silver production in the sixteenth century?
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The end of the civil war and the unification of Japan.
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What was the effect of the silver trade on Spain?
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Massive military spending, eventually led to economic problems.
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What is true of slavery in the premodern Islamic world?
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Some slaves acquired prominent political or military status.
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Why is the judicial system an example of the effect of the Atlantic slave trade on African societies.
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Judicial proceedings were manipulated to send victims into the slave trade.
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When did the number of slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas peak?
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In the 1700s/18th century.
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What was a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade?
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African diaspora.
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How did the slave trade affect African states?
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Some states depended on the revenue of the slave trade.
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What distinguished the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas from past instances of slavery in world history.
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It was associated with race and plantation work.
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What was the roles of some women in Africa in the early modern era?
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A few had access to wealth and power.
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The origins of the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the productions of what?
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Sugar.
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What was the most common destination for slaves from Africa?
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The Caribbean and Brazil.
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How did Europeans acquire slaves in West Africa?
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They waited in their boats at the ports for African Elites or merchants to come buy and sell/trade slaves with them.
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What marked a major turning point in the relationship between China and Christian missionaries?
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The pope's claim of authority over Chinese christians.
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What factor made some parts of the world more receptive to Christianity than others?
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The absence of a literate world religion.
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Sikhism was a combination of what two religions?
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Islam and Hinduism.
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What was the "blood tax" used by Ottomans to recruit soldiers called?
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The Devshirme.
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What country absorbed most of the world's silver?
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China.
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Who argued that Earth revolved around the Sun?
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Nicholas Copernicus.
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What arose as a response to the spread of Buddhism in China?
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Neo-Confucianism.
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What was the biological exchange between the eastern and western hemisphere?
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The Columbian Exchange.
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What was the branch of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire that spread to Russia?
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Eastern Orthodox.
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What was the name of the Byzantine law code influenced by Roman tradition?
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Justinian's Law Code.
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What was the name of the Catholic missionaries that where sent to Asia and the Americas?
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The Jesuits.
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What was the name of the Chinese dynasty ruled by the Mongols?
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The Yuan.
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What group of people created a common cultural and linguistic ties in sub-Saharan Africa?
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The Bantu.
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What crops increased Europe's and Asia's populations?
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Potatoes and Maize.
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What disease decimated the native populations in the Americas?
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Smallpox.
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What was the name of the eastern part of the Roman Empire?
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Byzantine Empire.
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What was the name of the economic policy focusing on gold, silver, and colonies as wealth?
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Mercantilism.
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What was the name of the economic system based on private ownership?
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Capitalism.
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What group of people expand through northern Europe with their sea faring strength?
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The Vikings.
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What was the name of the fast growing rice variety from Vietnam that caused a population boom in China?
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Champas.
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What group of people formed the last dynasty in China (Qing).
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The Manchus.
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What was the name of full blooded Spanish that were born in the Americas?
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Creoles.
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What were grants of land and native laborers in the Spanish colonies called?
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The Encomienda system.
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Who held political power in feudal Japan?
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The Shogun.
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What invention help spread the ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation?
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The Gutenberg Press (a.k.a. The Printing Press)
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What is the Incan form of record keepings, consisting of series of knots?
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Quipu.
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What is the name of the Sunni Islam kingdom that conquered the Byzantine Empire and formed in modern day Turkey?
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The Ottoman Empire.
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What is the name of an Islamic political leader?
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Caliph.
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What is the name of the landowning class in China; produced government employees?
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Scholar-Gentry.
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What is the name of large Chinese trade ships?
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Junks.
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Who was the leader the westernized Russia?
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Peter the Great.
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Who led voyages to build China's prestige in the Indian Ocean?
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Zheng He.
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What was the name of Martin Luther's list of complaints to the Catholic church?
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95 Theses.
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What was the name of the Mongol ruler?
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Khan.
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The Mongols failed to conquer what region?
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Japan.
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What movement applied to reason to understand society; led to many revolutions?
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Enlightenment.
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Who were the mystics who spread Islam into India and South East Asia?
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Sufis.
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What is the name of the paper currency developed by the Song dynasty?
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Flying Money.
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What are peasants called that are legally bound to their land?
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Serfs.
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What are people bought and sold as property called?
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Chattel slaves.
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What are people unified under the Muslim faith called.
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Dar al Islam.
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What is the period of feudal rule in Japan called?
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Tokugawa Shogunate.
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What is person of European and native American descent called?
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Mestizo.
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What is the practice that inhibited upper class women in post classical China called?
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Foot binding.
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What was the primary crop grown on Caribbean plantations?
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Sugar.
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What was the revival of learning and art in Europe starting in the 1400s called?
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The Renaissance.
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What is the name of the Shia Islam kingdom in modern day Iran called?
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Safavid Empire.
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What are small, easily maneuverable trade ships used by Spain and Portugal called?
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Caravel Ships.
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What is the South American mandatory labor system; exploited by Spanish colonists?
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The Mit'a or Mita.
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What was the name of a Spanish colonial governor?
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Viceroy.
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Who sponsored Zheng He's voyages, but then suddenly stopped exploration?
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The Ming Dynasty.
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What spread rapidly along trade routes?
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The Bubonic Plague/Black Plague.
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What are the name of the Sudan Kingdoms in West Africa made rich by the gold and salt trade?
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Mali, Ghana, and Songhay.
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What was the syncretic belief that developed in the Caribbean called?
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Vodun/Voodoo.
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What is the name of the Syncretic faith blending elements of Hinduism and Islam?
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Sikhism.
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What is term for the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals?
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The Gunpowder Empires.
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What was the time of secure trade routes across Asia called?
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Pax Mongolia.
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What were the names of trade centers on the East African coast?
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The Swahili City-States.
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What is the traditional Japanese belief based on veneration of nature and ancestors?
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Shintoism.
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What are the wars that led to increased culture diffusion between Europe and the East?
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The Crusades.
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What document was written to protect the rights of nobles in England?
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The Magna Carta.
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The Neolithic Revolution Resulted in a change from what to what?
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Hunting and gathering to agriculture.
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What was the Post Neolithic role of women?
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They declined in status, usually looked over the family.
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Why are the Bantus important to African culture?
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Helped to spread a common language and culture.
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What was the most important overland trade network up to 1000 CE?
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The Silk Road.
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What was the political difference between Ancient River Valley Civilizations and and classical civilizations in their structure?
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ARVC: Small chiefdoms/city-states.
Classical Civilizations: Empires.
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Which classical civilization had the poorest attitude toward merchants?
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China.
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How did Confucian beliefs think that society should function?
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People should obey the orders of their superiors and Filial Piety.
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What was the philosophical viewpoint of Laozi (from China)?
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Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature.
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What was divine judgment or ruling in Shang China and in Period 4 in Europe called?
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Shang China: Mandate of Heaven.
Europe: Divine Right.
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What is the geographic reason for the Greek City-States or polis developing?
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The mountains and terrain.
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What two political philosophies did the Han dynasty combine?
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Confucianism and Legalism.
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What is the order of Chinese dynasty through Qing?
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Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms (Wei, Suhang, Wu), Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.
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What was the political difference of organization of the Greek and Chinese?
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Greek: Good laws.
Chinese: Good men.
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How did India's caste system aid political institutions?
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Sharply defined classes.
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The Socratic method emphasized the importance of what in learning?
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Questioning.
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The father of history in the western tradition is who?
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Herodotus.
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What is the importance of monsoons.
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It help in Indian Ocean Trade.
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Who was the father of Capitalism?
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The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith.
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Who wrote the Wealth of Nations.
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Scottish philosopher Adam Smith.
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Why did the Spanish try to overthrow the Dutch?
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To revert them from Protestant to Catholicism. The Dutch won with the aid of the British. Created a 12 year truce.
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What is a Syncretic Religion?
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The blending of two religions into a new one. Example: Voodoo, and Sikhism.
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What is someone of European and African Descent called?
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Mulatto.
