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chattel slavery

answer

ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property.

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indentured servitude

answer

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/indenturedlabor-pdf---5059580

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encomienda

answer

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. simple video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBe-6JCAD08

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astrolabe

answer

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwDU0VFWlQ8

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caravels

answer

Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1G7gVC7SUNs

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Zheng He

answer

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. Voyages were stopped abruptly.

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mercantilism

answer

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HoyvI_HdL4

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colonization

answer

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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Vodun

answer

or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity- here is a video link with more details about Vodun in Haiti today: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bwZEGp3XPA Another Link: http://www.religioustolerance.org/voodoo.htm

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Sikhism

answer

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam. link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHtpTdT8G4E Another link: http://www.sikhmuseum.com/

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Kabuki

answer

a type of japanese drama in which music, dance, and mime are used to present stories- try this link to see what it is like: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc

question

Spanish adaptation of the Inca Mi'ta

answer

Mandatory service in the Incan empire. All citizens who could work were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year. All males at the age of fifteen were required to participate in the Mi'ta. This remained mandatory until the age of fifty. The Spanish manipulated this system to profit from silver mines.

question

Manchus

answer

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

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Creole elites

answer

Of European ancestry, but born in Latin America. Between the Peninsulares and the ________ was most wealth and power. _______ couldn't hold the highest gov't positions, but they were educated and powerful as a class. They were the least oppressed out of all of the groups (including the Peninsulares). They traveled abroad and brought back ideas from other revolutions.

question

Zamindars

answer

a local official in Mughul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

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Daimyo

answer

a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

question

mestizo

answer

person of mixed American Indian and European ancestry

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mulatto

answer

a person of mixed African and European ancestry

question

Shiism, Shi'a

answer

the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

question

Republica de Indios

answer

-made up of hundreds of peasant communities with no real connection to one another -these villages were shielded from harmful outside influence with non-indians other than priests, corregidores, and alcades mayores forbidden to reside with them -european diseases continued to reduce indigenous population for a century or more until the native people began developing greater resistance to Old World illnesses

question

Ottoman devshirme

answer

in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

question

samurai

answer

class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

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European technological advancements that made transoceanic travel and trade possible

answer

-astrolabe - improved maps - caravels - Portuguese school of navigation - improvement in sails - magnetic compasses nice link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLtCzT5MXhE reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/navigtech-pdf---5059583

question

marine reconnaissance leading to discovery of the Americas (to a greater extent than before)

answer

- Zheng He - Portuguese school of navigation - Spanish sponsorship of Columbian and other voyages - North Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements

question

European exploration impact in Oceania and Polynesia

answer

exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific, here is a link to what did happen...http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/captiancook-pdf---5059568

question

Impact of silver flow

answer

- use of Spanish colonies and indigenous and slave labor - disrupted economies all over - European nations experienced inflation due to increased silver resources - Japan pulled into global trade due to possession of silver mines - China experienced deflation due to governmental hoarding of silver and demand of taxes to be paid in silver

question

European role in Asian trade

answer

-transportation of goods from one Asian nation to another - transportation of goods in Indian Ocean Basin trade as well - in general, middlemen - joint-stock companies important - colonies established at times reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/europeansinasia-pdf---5059579

question

Atlantic System

answer

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

question

Impacts of the Columbian Exchange

answer

- spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, flu) - American foods to Europe - European foods to Americas as cash crops, exploitation of labor - European domesticated animals to the Americas - Foods brought to the Americas by slaves - Increase in European population- better nutrition - environmental damage in the Americas- deforestation and soil depletion

question

American Foods to Europe

answer

Potatoes Maize Manoic

question

European cash crops in the Americas and domesticated animals

answer

Sugar Tobacco Horses Pigs Cattle Slave foods brought over- okra & rice

question

Changes to Islam due to the spreading to new settings in Afro-Eurasia

answer

- adapted to local religions/cultures - enhanced split between Sunni and Shi'a - Sufi practices became more widespread reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/islam-pdf---5059581

question

Protestant Reformation

answer

a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority. video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h025a8GFlyI

question

Changes to Christianity as it spreads

answer

- more diversity of Christianity such as the Protestant Reformation and changes to Christianity in Africa (link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/christianityinafrica-pdf---5059572)

question

syncretic

answer

Traditions that borrow from both the past and present.

question

causes and impacts of literacy growth

answer

-availability of printing presses (Ottoman Empire and Gutenberg press in Europe) - spread of literature and concepts of popular authors - diversity of ideas shared -increased development of literary forms video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1vl2j24Mtk

question

areas where traditional peasant labor grew:

answer

- frontier settlements in Russian Siberia (reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/siberia-pdf---5059584) - cotton textile production in India - silk textile production in China

question

reason for increased demand of labor

answer

growing global demand for raw materials and finished products

question

continuities in African slave trade (patterns that existed before)

answer

- export of slaves to the Mediterranean - export of slaves to the Indian Ocean Basin - use of slaves in households

question

impact of Colonial economies on labor systems

answer

- increased demand for coerced labor - indentured servitude - chattel slavery - encomienda and hacienda systems - Spanish adaptation of the Inca Mit'a system

question

hacienda

answer

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

question

reasons for new political and economic elite groups

answer

imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities

question

examples of new political and economic elites

answer

- Manchus in China - Creole elites in Spanish America - European Gentry - Urban commercial entrepreneurs in trade ports around the world (reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/socialpoliticalelites-pdf---5059588)

question

existing political and economic elite troubles

answer

- confronted political challenges posed by increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders - Zamindars in Mughal India - Nobility in Europe - Daimyo in Japan reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/challengestoexistingelites-pdf---5059569

question

nobility

answer

class of people having high birth or rank

question

examples of gender and family restructuring

answer

- dependence on European men on Southeast Asian women for trade reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/southeastasianwomen-pdf---5059593 - smaller size of European families reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/smallereurofamily-pdf---5059586

question

examples of art that rulers used to consolidate and legitimize their power

answer

- monumental architecture (Versailles- http://en.chateauversailles.fr/homepage) (Taj Mahal- http://tajmahal.gov.in/home.html) (British Royal Palaces-http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/buildinghistory/) - urban design - courtly literature - visual arts

question

examples of religious ideas rulers used to legitimize their rule

answer

- divine right (European Monarchs)(link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/divineright-pdf---5059576) - Safavid use of Shiism - Mexica/Aztec use of human sacrifice - Songhay promotion of Islam (link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/songhayislam-pdf---5059589) - Chinese Emperor public performance of Confucian rituals (link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/confucianrituals-pdf---5059574)

question

divine right

answer

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

question

Aztec human sacrifice

answer

Ceremonial and very common practice in the _________. Their sun god needed nourishment to help civilization. This occurred very often.

question

What Chinese emperors did to legitimize their rule

answer

Public performance of Confucian rituals

question

How states treated ethnic and religious groups

answer

- treated them in way to use economic contributions, while not giving power

question

Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims

answer

They did not require conquered peoples to convert to Islam but extended to them the status of dhimmi ("protected people"). In return for their loyalty and payment of a special tax known as jizya, dhimmi communities retained their personal freedom, kept their property, practiced their religion, and handled their legal affairs. In the ------- empire, for example, autonomous religious communities known as millet retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages. Millet communities usually also assumed social and administrative functions in matters concerning birth, marriage, death, health, and education.

question

Manchu policies toward the Chinese

answer

They not only outlawed intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese but also forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and from learning the Manchurian language. Qing authorities also forced Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and grow a Manchu-style queue as a sign of submission to the dynasty.

question

These are examples of how rulers used bureaucratic elites and military officials to maintain centralized control

answer

Ottoman devshirme Chinese examination system Salaried Samurai

question

Chinese examination system

answer

a political feature of Chinese empires. Scholar-bureaucrats took state-sponsored exams in order to become government scribes reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/chineseexaminationsystem-pdf---5059570

question

challenges to state consolidation and expansion

answer

- competition over trade routes - state rivalries - local resistance

question

examples of competition over trade routes

answer

- Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean Basin - Piracy in the Caribbean reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/piracy-pdf---5059582

question

examples of state rivalries

answer

-Thirty Years War - Ottoman-Safavid Conflict reading link: http://www.mybigcampus.com/library/items/staterivalries-pdf---5059590

question

examples of local resistance

answer

- food riots - Samurai revolts - Peasant uprisings

question

Ottoman Empire

answer

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

question

Mughal Empire

answer

Muslim state founded by Babur (a descendant of Timur), which extended over India. Experienced prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. For a while was an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions.

question

Qing Empire

answer

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

question

Russian Empire

answer

The beginnings of the empire was due to Muscovite princes after the defeat of the Mongols in the late 1400s. In doing so, the princes absolved the authority of local princes. Ivan III used the Cossacks, the Russian version of the American western settlers, to expand and take over additional land. Meanwhile, Ivan solidified a centralized rule and claimed divine ordination. He proclaimed Moscow to be the new capital of the new empire.

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