AP World History Chapter 3 Review – Flashcards
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One major contrast between Classical China and India was?
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focus on politics
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Classical China was focused on?
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politics and philosophy
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India was focused on?
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religion and social structures
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How was India and China similar? (7 things)
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agricultural society, peasant farmers, peasant villages, patriarchy, important cities, trade, schools and academies
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In terms of geography how was India different than China?
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closer to other civilizations
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India was influenced by outsiders from where?
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Middle East and Mediterranean
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How did the outsiders influence India?
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new artistic styles, political concepts, contacts with Hellenistic culture
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India was separated from? By what?
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the rest of Asia by the Himalayas
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Important mountain passes in the Himalayas link India to who?
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other civilizations in the Middle East
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The separation by the Himalayas made it hard to have what kind of unity?
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political
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India had greater _________ than China
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diversity
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India's most important rivers?
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Indus and Ganges
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What did people do for a living in the north?
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herding
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What did people do for a living in the south?
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trading and seafaring
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The separate north and south regions led to what two differences?
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racial and language differences
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Describe India's climate, temperature, rain/type, extremes..
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semitropical climate, up to 120 degrees during early summer, summer monsoon rains
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What do the monsoon rains bring?
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sometimes too little rain or come too late or catastrophic floods
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Name of the formative period?
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Vedic and Epic ages
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What does formative mean?
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in the process of building up
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Who moved in during the formative period?
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Aryans (Indo-European)
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Dates of Vedic Age
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1500-1000 BCE
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What spread during the Vedic Age?
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agriculture
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What tools did the Aryans use?
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iron tools
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Preclassical Indian history comes from?
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literary epics developed by Aryans (initially passed down orally)
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What language were these literary eipics writtn down in?
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Sanskrit
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Name of these sacred books?
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Vedas
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What does Veda mean?
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knowledge
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List 3 epic poems
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Mahabharata, Ramayana, Upanishads
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Explain the Aryans' political organization
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Village chiefs organized defenses and regulated property relationships
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Explain the Aryans' family structure.. who was in charge
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patriarchal controls and close family relationships
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The caste system started taking shape when?
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during Vedic and Epic ages
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How did the caste system start?
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as a means of establishing relationships between conquerors and the indigenous people (who were regarded as inferior)
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Explain the varnas or the order of importance
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priests (brahmans), warriors (Kshatriyas), traders/farmers (Vaisyas), common laborers (Sudras), untouchables
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What was the punishment for marrying outside your class?
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death
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What religious influence did the Aryans have?
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brought religion of many gods and goddesses
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Who was the god of thunder?
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Indra
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This Aryan god system resembled what other place?
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Greek myth or Scandinavian mythology
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What ideas added greatly to the spiritual power and later led to Hindu beliefs?
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gave tradition a new spin, constructing a vigorous, complex religion that still endures
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What animals were considered sacred?
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monkeys and cattle (only certain animals that embody the divine spirit)
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What did this Aryan religious influence eventually lead to?
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Hinduism
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Rhythm of India's history was irregular because of?
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landmark invasions from NW mountain passes
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by 600 BCE how many regions existed?
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16 major states
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What type of leaders did these major regions have?
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some monarchies, others republics ran by priests and warriors
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Who attacked in 327 BCE?
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Alexander the Great
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Who stepped up for India to become the first ruler of the Mauryan dynasty?
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Chandragupta Maurya
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What animal did Chandragupta include in his army?
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elephants
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Chandragupta's grandson?
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Ashoka (269-232 BCE)
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What type of leader was Ashoka?
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lived a lavish lifestyle with brutal fighting methods
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Ashoka converted to?
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Buddhism (key to life is suffering)
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Ashoka improved what?
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trade and communication
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Who invaded during the Mauryan dynasty?
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Kushans
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When did the invaders of the Mauryan dynasty lose power?
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220 CE
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What was the name of the new line of Kings after the Mauryan dynasty?
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Guptas
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Who invaded the Guptas?
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Huns (535 CE)
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India didn't have a solid regional rule like China. Theirs was?
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regionalism
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Rulers had to hve what to control India?
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large armies
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Who gave rulers power? What religion went along with this?
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the gods, Hinduism
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Were there taxes?
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seeked up to 1/6 of agricultural produce
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Big or small bureaucracy?
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small bureaucracy with local rulers
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Language? Only one?
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no single language (very diverse)
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Law?
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uniform law codes
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Roads?
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sponsored road building
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Was politics important?
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no
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Wht age did the caste system get complex?
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after Epic Age
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How many classes were in the caste system?
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5 classes
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Could someone rise up in the caste system? Drop down?
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can't rise up but can drop down during life (can rise up when reincrnated after a life with good karma)
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What did the caste allow to happen? It promoted?
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allowed different kinds of people to get along and promoted tolerance
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The caste system laid out what kind of rules?
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detailed rules for each caste
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Explain loyalty
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to remain faithful to someone
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Compare India's shared cultural values the China (foundations of each society)
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India emphasizes religion, and China emphasizes politics
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Which religion was the cement of Indian society?
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Hinduism
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Hinduism encouraged what type of links with divine reality?
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imaginative links
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Who founded Hinduism?
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no single founder
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2 things Hinduism encourage finding
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political and economic goals (artha) and wordly pleasures (karma)
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What has led to Hinduism success?
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ability to adapt
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Explain the Upanishads
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poems that stressed the shallowness of worldly concerns in favor of contemplation of the divine spirit
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Explain divine principle
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the basic holy essence (brahma) formed part of everything in this world
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Divine principle is the quest for what?
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union with the divine soul
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Explain caste system and occupations
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low-caste have few legal rights, masters can abuse servants, peasants have little contact with higher caste individuals
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Indian Code law wanted women to?
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worship her husband as a god
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When did women get a little better situation?
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when Indian civilization took clearer shape
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Types of marriages?
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arranged marriages
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Purpose of arranged marriages?
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to ensure solid economic links
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How were children treated?
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small children were pampered then expected to work hard as they got older
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Compare women in China to India
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Both subordinate to men but Indian culture featured clever and strong-willed women and goddesses
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They invented?
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new uses for chemistry, best steel, ironmaking, first to make cotton cloth, calico, cashmere
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Compare India to China- merchant
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Indian merchants have relatively high caste status, traveled widely, traded with other civilizations
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How did the Indians influence art?
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Indian-style temples and other art forms
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How did the Indians influence religion?
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Buddhism and Hinduism
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The Indians outlasted who?
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China and Rome
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How were China and India alike? (list it)
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large peasant class, close-knit villages, cities and merchant activity, landowners have political power, patriarchy
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How were China and India different?
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art, religion, social structures, trade
