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The Great War

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Another name for World War I, used by Europeans until the advent of World War II.

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Kaiser Wilhelm II

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German emperor in World War I; his aggressive foreign policy is often blamed for starting the war.

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Triple Alliance

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Military and political alliance formed before World War I to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Triple Entente

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Military and political alliance formed before World War I by England, France, and Russia; created to challenge moves made by the Triple Alliance.

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The Great Powers

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The industrialized, colonizing nations of Europe before World War I; includes England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy; their rivalries led to the war.

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Allied Forces

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Name used by countries fighting the Central Powers; major members were Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; later in the war, the United States and Japan joined their cause.

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Central Powers

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the chief powers at war with the Allies.

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Jingoism

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Warlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among the middle and working classes in Europe before the war.

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Dreadnought

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Class of modern battleship launched by Britain before the war; triggered naval rivalry, especially with Germany.

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Gavriel Princip

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Serbian nationalist, assassin of Archduke Ferdinand.

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Archduke Ferdinand

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Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into World War I.

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Sarajevo

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Capital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand's assassination.

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Blank check

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Promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia; one of many events that cascaded into global war.

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White dominions

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Britain's territories consisting of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand who sent soldiers into World War I.

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Western Front

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War zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included the United States.

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Marne River

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Site near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.

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Eastern Front

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War zone that ran from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkan nations fought.

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Tsar Nicholas II

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Last emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia's loss in the war; he and Kaiser Wilhelm II made many moves that led to the start of the war.

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Propaganda

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Government-sponsored media coverage of the war designed to disseminate onesided versions of "friendly" and enemy conduct; used to gin up support for the war among its citizenry.

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Bolsheviks

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Socialists in Russia who promoted overthrow of the tsar and the establishment of a socialist state; means "majority" in Russian.

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New women

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Term used to describe career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.

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Jutland

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Site of the war's major sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark's coast; German sea prowess was limited after this encounter.

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Gallipoli

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Australian soldiers in support of the British were decimated by Turkish and German soldiers at this battle near the Dardanelles.

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German East Africa

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Fighting occurred in Africa between British-led Indian and South African troops on one side, and German-trained east African troops on the other; today's Tanzania.

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Treaty Of Versailles

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Wide-ranging postwar conference that promoted much of Wilson's idealistic plan for peace but at the same time blamed and punished Germany for starting the war; included creation of a League of Nations, an international organization designed to prevent further war.

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Woodrow Wilson

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American president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles.

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George Clemenceau

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French premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four.

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David Lloyd George

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British prime minister at Versailles who attempted to mediate between Wilson's "peace without victory" stand and Clemenceau's, but with only partial success.

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Armistice

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All sides agreed to lay down their weapons without declaring victory; promoted by Woodrow Wilson to end the fighting; concept later rejected by France and Britain.

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Stab in the back

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Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.

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Self-determination

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Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; this encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe.

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Ho Chi Minh

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Young nationalist from Vietnam seeking self-determination for his country at Versailles; was ignored, like many representatives from Asian and African colonies who were there.

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Indian Congress Party

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Nationalist group in India that called for independence from Britain; led by Western-educated Indian elites; led India in the early postcolonial era.

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B. G. Tilak

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Nationalist leader who promoted a reactionary sort of Hinduism to gain independence for India; influence faded after Britain exiled him.

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Morely-Minto reforms

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In 1909, British colonial authorities expanded political opportunities for educated Indians.

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Mohandas Gandhi

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Successful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign.

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Satyagraha

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"Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.

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Lord Cromer

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British High Commissioner of Egypt at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries; implemented many, but apparently not enough, social and economic reforms.

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Effendi

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Prosperous Egyptian families who made up the middle class; leaders of the Egyptian nationalist movement came largely from this group.

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Dinshawai

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Egyptian village where British violence came to represent the heavy-handed nature of colonial rule and united nationalists in their cause.

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Mandates

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The Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war.

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Ataturk (a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal)

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Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women's suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet.

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Hussein, Sherif of Morocco

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Convinced Arab leaders to support the French and British during the war because of their pledges of Arab independence.

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Zionists

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Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

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Lord Balfour

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British foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which encouraged Jewish nationalists and angered Arabs.

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Pogroms

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Violent assaults against Jewish communities, especially in Russia and Romania in the latter half of the 19th century.

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Theodor Herzl

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Prominent journalist who led the cause of Zionism in the late 19th century.

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Alfred Dreyfus

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French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.

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World Zionist Organization

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Formed by Herzl and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine.

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Sa'd Zaghlul

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Energetic leader of the nationalist-leaning Wafd Party in Egypt.

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Liberal Constitutionalist Party; Labor Party

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Rivals to Egypt's Wafd Party; once in control of their own government, these three parties did little to help the peasantry.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

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Led a military coup in Egypt in 1952; ruled until 1970; established himself as a major Arab force in the Middle East.

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Lord Lugard

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Influential British colonial administrator who predicted the rise of African nationalism.

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Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois

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Americans who promoted African nationalism and unity.

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Pan-Africanism

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Movement begun in the 1920s to promote African nationalism and unity; did much to arouse anticolonial sentiment.

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Negritude

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Literary movement in France that argued precolonial African societies were superior in many ways to European colonial societies in Africa; writers included L.S. Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire.

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National Congress of British West Africa

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Regionalized version of the pan-African movement.

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Armenian genocide

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Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

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Adolf Hitler

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Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.

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League Of Nations

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International diplomatic and peace organization created with the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

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Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

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Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

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Rowlatt Act

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Placed restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.

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Hussein

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Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.

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Leon Pinsker

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(1821 - 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

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Wafd party

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Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

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Leópold Sédar Senghor

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(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

AP World History – Chapter 28 Vocab – Flashcards

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