AP World History Chapter 27 Terms – Flashcards
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Nicholas I
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1825-1855; Russian tsar who put down the Decembrist Uprising, expanded territory and crushed liberal ideas
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Alexander II
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the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)
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Crimean War
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war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire aided by France and Britain over the Holy Land. Russia lost because of industrial disadvantage (inferior ships and weapons).
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Emancipation of the serfs
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Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.
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zemstvos
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local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy
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Trans-Siberian railroad
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constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.
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Count Witte
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Russian minister of finance (1892 -1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry.
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intelligentsia
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Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West.
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anarchists
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political groups that thought the abolition of formal government as a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement.
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Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov Lenin
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Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells.
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Bolsheviks
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literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.
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Russian Revolution of 1905
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defeat by Japan resulted marked by strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.
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Dutch Studies
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studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center.
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Diet
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Legislative branch in Japan
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Duma
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Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.
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Stolypin reforms
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Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market- oriented peasantry.
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Yellow Peril
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US's fear of japan's imperialism
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kulaks
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agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production.
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terakoya
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commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by mid-19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West.
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Matthew Perry
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American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade.
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Meiji Restoration
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power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.
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zaibatsu
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huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): fought in Korea between Japan and Qing China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power.
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Sino-Japanese War
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(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China,
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Russo-Japanese War
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Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.
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