AP World History Chapter 25 – Flashcards
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Toussaint L'Overture
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Led Haiti slave rebellion
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Mask of Ferdinand
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Latin American movements that allegedly supported the Bourbon monarch
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Miguel de Hidalgo
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Mexican priest who started revolution among Native Americans and mestizos
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Augustin Iturbide
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Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; proclaimed emperor of Mexico
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Simon Bolivar
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Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia
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Gran Colombia
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Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.
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jose de san martin
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South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
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Joao VI
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portuguese monarch who established seat of government in brazil from 1808-1820 as a result of napoleonic invasion of iberian peninsula; made brazil seat of empire with capital at rio de janeiro.
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Pedro I
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son and successor of Joao VI in brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor
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Jose Rodriguez de Francia
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First leader of Paraguay following its independence from Spain; dictator
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Andres Santa Cruz
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Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.
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caudillos
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independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america.
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centralists
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Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.
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federalists
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wanted a two-tiered government
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monroe doctrine
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an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
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santa anna
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dictator of Mexico; led attack on Alamo in 1836; defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto; participated in the Mexican War sold the "Gadsden Purchase" to U.S.; Exiled from Mexico
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manifest destiny
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a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God); United States belief in 19th century
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treaty of guadalup-hidalgo
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This ended the Mexican war by giving the U.S half of Mexico; signed in 1848
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benito juarez
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Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico; defeated French emperor
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Maximilian von Habsburg
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Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.
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Argentine Republic
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replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.
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Domingo F. Sarmiento
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Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.
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modernization theory
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The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.
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dependency theory
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The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.
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Porfirio Diaz
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One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government
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Spanish American War
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War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines
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Panama Canal
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An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914.
