AP World History- Chapter 1 Vocab – Flashcards
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Hunting and gathering
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means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization
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Civilization
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societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups
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Paleolithic
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the OLD STONE AGE ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
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Neolithic
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the NEW STONE AGE between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished
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Nomads
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cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies
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Culture
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combinations of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction
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Homo Sapiens
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the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic
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Agrarian revolution
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occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture
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Pastoralism
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a nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies
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Catal Huyuk
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early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification
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Bronze Age
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from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking, development of wheeled vehicles, writing
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Mesopotamia
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literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
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Potter's wheel
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a technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products
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Sumerians
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people who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states
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Cuneiform
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a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets
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City-state
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a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king
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Ziggurats
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massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections
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Babylonian Empire
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unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.
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Hammurabi
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the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law
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Pharaoh
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the term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs
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Pyramids
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monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs
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Hieroglyphs
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form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform
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Kush
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african state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
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Monotheism
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the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization
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Phoenicians
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seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
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Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
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major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern
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Aryans
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indo-european nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization
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Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin
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site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China
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Shang
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1st Chinese dynasty
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Oracles
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shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing
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Ideographic writing
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pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing
