AP World History Ch. 4 Vocab – Flashcards

(c. 576 or 590-529 B.C.E.); founded persian empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires

persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person

culture derived from the greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E.

culture associated with the spread of greek influences and intermixture with other cultures as a result of macedonian conquests

greek epic poems attributed to homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped greek mythology

city-state form of government typical of greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.

athenian philosopher of late 5th century B.C.E.; condemmed to death for “corrupting” minds of athenian young; usually seen as the father of western philosophy

literally, rule of the people-in athens it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives

athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of athenian empire

one of the panhellenic-rituals observed by all greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

5th century B.C.E. wars between the persian empire and greek city-states; greek victories allowed greek civilization to define identity

war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between athens and sparta for domination in greece; the spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in greece

kingdom of northern greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under philip II; conquered greek city-states

ruled macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered greece

(r. 336 – 323 B.C.E.); son and successor of philip II; conquered persian empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine greek and persian culture

egyptian city; founded 334 B.C.E.; one of many “alexandrias” founded by alexander the great

(b. 465 B.C.E.); athenian philosopher; usually seen as the father of western philosophy

greek philosopher; teacher of alexander, taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world

hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery

greek writer of tragedies; author of oedipus rex

three distinct styles of hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality

two chief executives of the roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy

founded by the phoenicians in tunisia; became a major empire in the western mediterranean; fought the punic wars with rome for mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the romans

three wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between rome and the carthaginians; saw the transformation of rome from a land to a sea power

carthaginian general during the second punic war; invaded italy but failed to conquer rome

the balanced political system of rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies

general responsible for the conquest of gaul; brought army back to rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators

later took name of augustus; julius caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after caesar’s assassination; became first roman emperor

conservative senator and stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day

a great roman epic poet during the golden age of latin literature; author of the aeneid