AP World History CH. 29 Terms – Flashcards
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Cubist Movement
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20th Century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes
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Benito Mussolini
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Italian fascists leader after World War I; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories
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Fascism
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Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corrption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction
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Syndicalism
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Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics
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Mexican Revolution
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Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
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Porfirio Diaz
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One of Juarez's generals elected president of Mexico in 1876, dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government
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Francisco Madero
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(1873- 1913) Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Profirio Diaz; initiated revoullution against Diaz when released from prison; temporalily gained power, but removed and assasinated in 1913
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Pancho Villa
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Mexican revolutionary and militery commander in Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta
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Emiliano Zapata
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Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.
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Victoriano Huerta
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Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.
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Alvaro Obregon
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Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.
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Mexican Constitution of 1917
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Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.
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Diego Rivera
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Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.
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Jose Clemente Orozco
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Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.
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Cristeros
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Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.
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Alexander Kerensky
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Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom.
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Red Army
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Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.
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New Economic Policy
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Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.
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Supreme Soviet
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Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.
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Joseph Stalin
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Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.
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Comintern
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International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.
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Collectivization
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Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.
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Yuan Shikai
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Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.
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May Fourth movement
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Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.
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Li Dazhao
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Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.
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Mao Zedong
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Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.
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Guomindang
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Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.
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Whampao Military Academy
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Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.
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Chiang Kai- shek
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A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Koumintang (Guomindung) or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Com-munists after World War II.
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Long March
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Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.
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Great Depression
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International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century.
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Popular Front
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Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.
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New Deal
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President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in United States social and economic life.
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Totalitarian State
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A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.
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Gestapo
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Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics.
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Spanish Civil War
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War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces.
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Corporatism
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Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military.
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Lazaro Cardenas
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President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education.
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Getulio Vargas
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Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.
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Juan Peron
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Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973.
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Five- year plans
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Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products.
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Socialist Realism
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Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.
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Politburo
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Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members.
