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Indian National Congress

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Founded in 1885, this organization enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self rule to India, but after the Great War the congress pursued this goal in opposition to the British

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Muslim League

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Established in 1906 with the encouragement of the British government, added a new current into the movement for national liberation

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Mohandas Gandhi

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One of the most remarkable and charismatic leaders of the twentieth century. Grew up in a prosperous and pious Hindu household, married at 13, and left his hometown in 1888 to study law in London. Embraced moral philosophy of tolerance and ahimsa. Successfully transformed the Indian National Congress from an elitist body of anglicized gentlemen into a mass organization that became an effective instrument of Indian nationalism

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Ahimsa

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Tolerance and nonviolence

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Satyagraha

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Truth and firmness, technique of passive resistance that Ghandi developed

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Mahatma

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"great soul" stature of a political and spiritual leader

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The India Act

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Gave India the institutions of a self governing state. Allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India, the creation of a bicameral national legislature, and the formation of an executive arm under the control of the British government

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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An eloquent and brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League, warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community

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Pakistan

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"land of the pure", place of Indian Muslims

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Swaraj

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self rule

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Bal Gangadhar Tilak

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Fiery Indian nationalist who galvanized public support for Indian's independence movement.

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Revolution of 1911

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Forced the Xuantong emperor, still a child (also known as Puyi) to abdicate.

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Qing Empire

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Fell with ease

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Dr. Sun Yatsen

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Leading opponent of the old regime, proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912 and briefly assumed the office of president

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Basic Philosophy of the Nationalists/Goals of Guomindang

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Called for the elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage

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Dashed hopes at the Paris Peace Conference

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They expected the US government to support the termination of the treaty system and the restoration of full Chinese sovereignty, but their hopes were shattered when the peacemakers approved increasing Japanese interference in China

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Rise of Chinese nationalism

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Spearheaded by students and intellectuals, Chinese protested against foreign, especially Japanese imperialism and hoped to once again reestablish national unity

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May Fourth Movement

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Students and intellectuals in China's urban areas, the movement galvanized the country and all classes of Chinese protested against foreign, especially Japanese, interference. In speeches, newspapers, and novels, the movement's leaders pledged themselves to rid China of imperialism and reestablish national unity.

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CCP and Mao Zedong

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Disillusioned by the cynical self-interest of the US and Europeans, some Chinese became interested in Marxist thought as modified by Lenin and the social economic experiements under way in the Soveit Union. The anti-imperialist rhetoic of the Soviet leadership struck a responsive chord, and so in 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was organized. Among the early members was Mao Zedong, a former teacher and librarian who viewed a Marxist inspired social revolution was the cure for China's problems.

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Chinese Communist beliefs, women's issues

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Marxist-inspired social revolution was the cure to China's problems. Championed women's equality. believed in divorce, opposed arranged marriages, and campaigned against the practice of foot binding

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Lenin's idea of democratic centralism

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Stressing centralized part control by a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries

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Jiang Jieshi

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Leadership of the Guomindang fell to his hands. A young general who had been trained in Japan and the Soviet Union. He did not hold a vision for social revolution that involved the masses of China

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Northern Expedition and 1927

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Expedition lead by Jiang Jieshi. Political and military offensive, known as the Northern Expedition that aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule. Successful campaign. Towards the end, Jiang brutally and unexpectedly turned against his former communist allies, bringing the alliance of convenience between the Guomindang and the CCP to a bloody end

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Effect of Great Depression on China

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China's large and agrarian economy and small industrial sectory were connected only marginally to the world economy. Foreign trade in items such as tea and silk, which did decline, made up only a small part of China's economy, which was otherwise dominated by its large domestic markets.

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Problems facing the nationalist government led by the Guomindang

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1) Nationalists actually controlled only part of China, leaving the remainder of the country in the lands of warlords. 2) By the early 1930s communist revolution was still a major threat. 3) The Guomindang faced increasing Japanese aggression

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The Long March

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85 thousand troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red Army began the legendary Long March, a epic journey of 10,000 kilometers. After traveling across difficult terrain and fighting for survival against hunger, disease and the Guomindang forcesthe marchers arrived in a remote area of Shaanxi province in northwestern China in October 1935 and established headquarters at Yan'an

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Maoism: key tenets

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An ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution. Village power, Mao believed, was critical in a country where most people were peasants.

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Japan's status after Great War

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Japan achieved great power status and appeared to accept the international status quo that the major powers fashioned in the aftermath of war

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"Big Five" powers

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Japan joined the League of Nations as one of the "big five" powers, the Japanese government entered into a series of international agreements that that sought to improve relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific

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Japanese promises

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Limit naval development, pledged to evacuate Shandong province of China, and guaranteed China's territorial integrity

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Kelllogg-Briand Pact

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Renounced war as an instrument of national policy

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21 Demands on China during WW1

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1915, highlighted Japanese territorial ambitions. Demands on China

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Effect of WW1 on Japan's economy and post economic challenges

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Japanese businesses profited from selling munitions and other goods to the Allies throughout the war, and they gained a bigger foothold in Asia as the war led Europe's tradition nations to neglect Asia markets. Economic prospertiy was short lived, however, as the postwar economy of Japan faced serious challenges. Rapid inflation and labor unrest appeared by 1918, followed by a series of recessions that culminated in a giant economic slump caused by the Great Depression

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Japanese domestic politics

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Public demands for sweeping political and social reforms, including a broadening of the franchise protection for labor unions, and welfare legislation, figured prominently in Japanese domestic politics.

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Prime Minister Tsuyoshi

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Right winged political groups called for an end to xenophobic nationalists dedicated themselves to the preservation of a unique Japanese culture and the eradication of "western" influences. A campaign of assassinations, targeting political and business leaders culminated in the murder of prime minister Inukai Tsuyoshi

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The Mukden Incident

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Japanese troops used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on the Japanese built South Manchuria Railway north of Mukden. They accused the Chinese of attacking their railroad.

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How did the Great War and the Depression complicate quests for national independence and unity in Africa? Role of African colonies in WW1?

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The colonial ties that bound African colonies to European powers ensured that Africans became participants in the Great War, willing or not. European states transmitted their respective animosities and their military conflicts. The forced recruitment of military personnel led some Africans to raise arms against risings. African contributions to the Great War and the wartime rhetoric of self determination espoused by the US President Woodrow Wilson led to some Africans to anticipate a different postwar world.

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Did Allies invade German colonies?

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Yes

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Did African people serve in colonial armies

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Yes

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Did Wilson speak of "the right to self-determination?"

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Yes

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Rapacious definition

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Aggressive, and greedy

question

List and explain two key economic objectives of colonial powers in Africa

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Wanted to make sure that the colonized paid for the institutions- bureaucracies, judiciary, police, and military forces- that kept them in subjugation and they developed export oriented economies characterized by the exchange of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad.

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How did colonial taxation policies create workers for the labor market?

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Colonial taxation was an important tool designed to drive Africans into the labor market. In order to earn the money to pay the taxes levied on the land, houses, livestock, and people themselves, African farmers had to become cash crop farmers or seek wage labor on plantations and in mines.

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List cash crops and the nations that produced them; note appropriation of key farmlands in Kenya and South Africa

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Peanuts from Senegal and northern Nigeria, cotton from Uganda, cocoa from the Gold Coast, rubber from the Congo, and palm oil from the Ivory Coast and the Niger Delta. In areas with existing white settlement, such as Kenya, settler agriculture was most prevalent.

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Explain,"we have stolen his land, now we must steal his limbs." Page 1016, text

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That white settlers have come and taken the land of the native people, but now they are also taking his limbs and forcing them to do work.

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Africa's "New Elite" following WWI: Who were they?

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Novel African social class. Derived its status and place in society from employment and education.

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Identify: Marcus Garvey and Pan Africanism, the African Diaspora, "Back to Africa"

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Marcus Garvey preached black pride and called on blacks living on the African diaspora to go "Back to Africa". Pan Africanism is the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state.

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Neocolonialism: what is it and how is it different from colonialism (as seen in Africa)

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Neocolonialism usually took shape as foreign economic domination but did no exclude more typically imperial actions such as military intervention and political interference. Indirect and more subtle than colonialism

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What is interesting about the source of neocolonialism in the L.Am.region?

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New imperial influence didnt come from prior colonizers Spain and Portugal but from industrial capitalist powerhouses like Great Britain and the US

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What was the impact of the Great War and the Russian Revolution, along with the Mexican Revolution, on Latin America?

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Spread radical ideas and the promise of new political possibilities throughout Latin America.

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Why did L.Am.intellectuals hail the Mexican and Russian revolutions?

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Theories on capitalism and imperialism, and a growing concern for the impoverished Indian masses as well as exploited peasants and workers in Latin American societies informed the outlooks of many disgruntled intellectuals and arties

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What is meant by "long-term politicization" of student bodies in Latin-American universities. Who is Fidel Castro and what is his background?

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Universities became training grounds for future political leaders, including Fidel Castro, and the ideas explored within an academic setting -- from Marxism to anti-imperialism -- exerted great influence on these budding politicians.

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Jose Carlos Mariategui of Peru:

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Self educated Marxist intellectual who felt particular concern for the poor and for the Indians, who constituted approximately 50 percent of Peru's population.

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Alianza Popular Revolutionaria Americana (Apristas); Haya de la Torre: Aprismo

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Popular American Revolutionary Alliance gave another voice to those critical of Peru's ruling system. Haya de la Torre began his political activism as a student protester and as a supporter of a workers movement. Aprismo offered radical but noncommunist alternative to Peruvians.

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Diego Rivera and radical artistic visions. See p. 1022 painting in text.

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Artistically trained in Mexico in his youth, Rivera went to study in Europe in 1907 and did not return to Mexico until 1921. He blended his artistic and political vision in vast murals that he intended for viewing and appreciation by the masses. He believed that art should be on display for working people.

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Cesar Sandino

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The martyred nationaist hero who opposed USSA intervention in Nicaragua

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How does U.S. economic neocolonialism evolve in the post war period?

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US Neocolonialism was meant to be largely economic. US investment in Latin American soared in the 1920s. Between 1924 and 1929, US banks and businesses more than doubled their financial interests in Latin America as investments grew from 1.5 billion to 3.5 billion

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Describe US investment levels in the 1920's:

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US investment in Latin American soared in the 1920s. Between 1924 and 1929, US banks and businesses more than doubled their financial interests in Latin America as investments grew from 1.5 billion to 3.5 billion

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Dollar Diplomacy; President Taft

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Taft argued that the US should substitute "dollars for bullets" in its foreign policy. He wanted businesses to develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce and believed that expensive military intervention should be avoided as much as possible. Likewise, by replacing European investments with US investments, the US would face fewer tests of the Monroe Doctrine or its 1904 Roosevelt Corollary, which justified direct intervention in Latin America. This new vision of US expansion abroad is called Dollar Diplomacy

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State simply: Monroe Doctrine/ 1904 Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine/ Dollar Diplomacy (Yankee imperialism")

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Monroe Doctrine: stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression. 1904 Roosevelt Corollary: US might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country Dollar Diplomacy: Develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce and military intervention be avoided as much as possible

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Carefully study the map on page 1023: U.S. in Latin America 1895-1941.

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US interventions in most of Latin American

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Effect of the Great Depression on Latin American economies?

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Halted fifty years of economic growth in Latin America and illustrated the region's susceptibility to global economic crisis.

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President Vargas of Brazil and the estado novo

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Economic policy stressing internal economic development was most visivle in Braxil, where dicator president Vargas turned his nation into an estado novo (new state). Embarked on a program of industrialization that created new enterprises. Iron and steel industries.

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Good Neighbor Policy of FDR/ Augusto Cesar Sandino (pictured on 1025)

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US approach to relations with Latin America, most closely associated with the administration of FDR. While Roosevelt appeared more well intention in his exercise of the policy, events in Nicaragua before and during the beginning of his administration highlighted the limits of US neighborliness. Augusto Cesar Sandino is a Nicaraguan nationalist and liveral general who refused to accept any peace settlement that left US Marines on Nicaraguan soil.

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Guarda Nacional in Nicaragua

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National Guard in Nicaragua. The US established and trained them.

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Juian Batista and Somoza

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The US supervised election of 1932 brought Juan Batista Sacasa into power, and departed having positioned the brutal but trusted Anastacio Somoza Garcia as commander of the Guard.

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"Convention on the Rights and Duties of States"

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Hull signed this which held that "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another:

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Nationalization of oil in Mexico; Cardenas and FDR

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Mexican president Lazaro Cardenas nationalized the oil industry in March 1938 which was controlled by foreign investors from the US and Great Britain. Despite calls for strong US and British response by the oil companies, Roosevelt and his administration officials resisted the demands of big businesses and instead called for a cool, calm, response and negotiations to end the conflict.

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Explain, "the political power of agribusiness( in the U.S.) prevented the government from instituting legal restrictions (limiting Mexican immigration in the 1920's)

answer

The power of those in the agriculture industry prevented the US government from instituting legal restrictions on Mexican immigration because they are in favor of cheap Mexican labor and are profiting.

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Carmen Miranda and Chiquita Banana, advertising icon for the prototypical neocolonial company in Latin America, the United Fruit Company.

answer

Trying to contribute to the repairing of relations and the promoting of more positive images of Latin American and US relations, Hollywood adopted a Latin American singing and dancing sensation, Carmen Miranda. Also, an equally successful marketing device, although one that illustrated the continued limitations of the Good Neighbor Policy was the United Fruits Company's appropriation of Carmen Miranda's image for selling of the bananas that symbolized US economic control of regions throughout Central America and the Caribbean.

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