question

Niccolo and Maffeo Polo

answer

Two brothers that visited Kublai Khan. Brought about the rise of Marco Polo's popularity, as well as improved the reintegration of Europe into the affairs of the eastern hemisphere.

question

The Carolingian Empire

answer

The early empire of the Franks in Europe.

question

European Society

answer

Regional states brought stable political order; Tools and technologies improved agriculture/growth; Missionary efforts expanded Christianity to most of Europe.

question

High Middle Ages

answer

1000 to 1300 CE; An era with competing regional states; Dukes and counts took responsibilities in local areas.

question

Holy Roman Empire

answer

Established by Otto of Saxony, A Christian revival of the original Roman Empire.

question

Otto of Saxony/"Otto the great"

answer

An aggressive man who was king of northern Germany. He helped the church at times and was thus proclaimed emperor in 962 CE by Pope John XII, establishing the "Holy Roman Empire"

question

Investiture Contest

answer

Relations between emperors and popes being tense for political control. It was a time when Pope Gregory VII ordered the end of lay investiture (emperors choosing their own church officials). Emperor Henry IV attacked the pope's rule, but ended up being excommunicated and losing power for a slight period of time.

question

Emperor Henry IV

answer

Attacked Pope Gregory VII in the investiture contest, ended up with a horrible defeat because all of his officials were naturally under the Pope's rule.

question

Frederick Barbarossa/"the red beard"

answer

Another attempt to create a single empire; A vigorous and gallant man who attempted to absorb Lombardy into northern Italy. The pope ended up removing his power.

question

Voltaire

answer

An eighteenth-century French writer describing the Holy Roman Empire as "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" because the empire did nothing to restore imperial unity throughout western Europe.

question

Capetian France

answer

Ruled by Hugh Capet; Ran under a lord and retainer relationship. Had gradually centralized power and authority in France.

question

Hugh Capet

answer

Elected to serve as king of France. At the beginning, his retainers were much more powerful than him, though, his descendants(Capetian kings) added to the empires resources through a Lord and retainer relationship.

question

Capetian Kings

answer

The descendants of Hugh Capet who added to the empires resources and expanded its political influence through a lord and retainer relationship. When they died without heirs, their territories were absorbed into Capetian France.

question

The Normans (France)

answer

The descendants of Vikings who were the founders of Normandy. The dukes of Normandy pursued their own interests, maintaining a tight centralized authority (of dukes).

question

Norman England

answer

Ruled by Duke William of Normandy, was much more centralized than Capetian France. Full of Angles/Saxons.

question

Duke William of Normandy/"William the Conqueror"

answer

He invaded England, introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England.

question

---Capetian/Norman struggles---

answer

Both empires had the trouble of retainers attempting to enlarge their powers at the expense of the monarchy. Both empires also battled each other often. Though, both empires were successful in maintain regional monarchies and relationships between lords and retainers.

question

Italy

answer

Ruled by a series of ecclesiastical states competing for power against one another. Lay classes challenged bishops and eventually displaced them as ruling elites.

question

Papal State

answer

A location in central Italy ruled by the popes.

question

Italian States

answer

[North]: States dominated urban districts and surrounding hinterlands. [South]: Norman adventurers invading Byzantine and Muslim territories. Papal supported Normans going into southern Italy, eventually destroying Byzantine and Muslim authorities. Bringing southern Italy into Roman Catholic Christianity.

question

Iberia

answer

Muslims ruled most of Iberia, though a few christian states in northern Spain. The Christians began to attack the Muslim states, expanding their domains (Castile, Aragon, and Portugal).

question

Growth of Agricultural Economy

answer

Similar to the advancements of China; *More land devoted for agriculture *New crops and farming cycles (crop rotation) *Increased beans cultivation, more domestic animals, ponds for fish;Books written on agriculture techniques *Horse shoe(less crop destruction), and horse collar(more weight). Less reliance on grains and gruel.

question

Population Growth

answer

800 CE -> 29 million 1000 CE -> 36 million 1100 CE -> 44 million 1200 CE -> 58 million (30% increase in one century) 1300 CE -> 79 million (another 36%) 1400 CE -> Epidemic Plague

question

Urbanization

answer

Large class of artisans, craft workers, merchants, and professionals. Peasants and serfs moved to the cities, creating towns.

question

Textile production

answer

Increased specialization of labor; Manufacturing focused on Wool textiles. The city of Italy and Flanders were popular centers for textiles. Counts in Champagne(Northern France) sponsored fairs that operated year round.

question

Mediterranean Trade

answer

Amalfi and Venice were popular merchant ports, trading with Byzantine and Muslim peoples. Venetian and Genoese merchants maintained large communities in Constantinople ports.

question

Hanseatic League

answer

Located in the Baltic and North sea, the Hansa was a location with many trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London. Dominated in gran, fish, furs, timber, and pitch.

question

Improved Business Technique

answer

*Credit: Due to the increasing volume of trade, new forms of credit were adapted. Banks issued letters of credit to merchants traveling distant markets (making it safer to travel). *Partnerships: Partnerships were adopted for businesses as a new way to pool risks in investments. Improved European economy.

question

The Three Estates

answer

"Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work" Religious, militants/nobles, common people {A social class distinction.}

question

Chivalry

answer

An informal code of ethics for nobles. Instead of seeking wealth and power, the noble would seek order, piety, and the Christian faith.

question

Troubadours

answer

Aristocratic women who emphasized refined behavior relations between the sexes (Chivalric code variation). Their interests survived in songs and poems of the troubadours.

question

Eleanor of Aquitaine

answer

Liberally supported romantic poets and entertainers. One of the most celebrated women of her day. Encouraged the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and Romantic love.

question

Independent Cities

answer

There was an expansion of the worker class to (Professionals such as: Physicians and lawyers). This expansion promoted the development of towns and cities that fit awkwardly in the framework of the medieval Europe. Urban cities started to rebel against taxes as they increased in size; They created their own (Hansa clones) to protect their commercial interests.

question

Guilds

answer

Cities in Europe were not egalitarian(equal). Guilds have came to control most of the Urban economy. Standards of quality, production techniques Prices of items Regulated the entry of new workers Guild members socialized in giant guild halls, banquets, and parties. They also helped members that were sick, or in trouble. Guilds were both the main economic, and social infrastructures in medieval Europe cities.

question

Women in Urban societies

answer

Unlike countryside women who only performed domestic chores, women in the city had more opportunities, often working alongside men. Most guilds allowed women, and 6 only allowed women.

question

Literature

answer

Most of the art, literature, and music drew inspiration from Christian doctrines.

question

Early Education

answer

Early European society was not wealthy or stable enough to support advanced education. Thus early medieval scholars drew inspiration from the Bible and spokesmen (St. Augustine of Hippo)

question

Cathedral Schools

answer

Due to the sharp increase in economic wealth, there was a demand for educated individuals who could deal with complicated political, legal, and theological issues. Cathedral schools were created by bishops in France and N. Italy. Well known scholars were invited to teach. Popular locations for cathedral schools were Paris, Chartres, and Bologna. Their curriculum was based on Latin writings (the official language of the Roman Catholic church). They read works of the saints, Plato, and Aristotle.

question

Universities

answer

Academic guilds created by students and teachers, ending up upgrading a Cathedral school into a University. Main instruction provided were: law, theology, and medicine.

question

Aristotle's influence

answer

Europeans learned about Aristotle's works in Latin translations from Byzantine philosophers, and Arabic from Muslim philosophers. There were slight flaws in the works, but it was now accessible to European Christian scholars.

question

Scholasticism

answer

Sought to combine the beliefs of Christianity with Greek philosophy. (Not very popular to common people)

question

St. Thomas Aquinas

answer

The most famous of scholastic theologians, working in the University of Paris. Believed Aristotle has more understanding of the world than any other human being. Viewed Christianity and Aristotle's beliefs coeternal with each other.

question

Sacraments

answer

Most popular to the common people in Europe, a total of 7 sacraments. The most popular was the Eucharist (Communion) sacrament. Usually observed weekly, daily by the devout. The Eucharist was believed to protect people from sudden death, and advance their worldly interests.

question

Devotion to Saints

answer

Saints were human beings who received special esteem due to being very devout to god.

question

Virgin Mary

answer

The most popular saint, the mother of Jesus. She personified the Christian ideal of womanhood, love and sympathy. She once spared a criminal from a hanging. Europeans dedicated churches and cathedrals to Mary, e.g. Notre Dame ("Our lady").

question

Saints' Relics

answer

Physical remains, and possessions of deceased Saints. Used to express their adoring faith to the Saints. Though, it opened an opportunity for defraudation

question

Pilgrimage

answer

Streams of pilgrims visited Rome of Italy, and Compostela of Spain, some even went to Jerusalem. The most important relics were, St.Peter and St.Paul. Travel industries were being made due to the popularity of these Pilgrimages (inns, guides, and shrines).

question

St. Dominic & St. Francis

answer

Founded the orders of mendicants(beggars), AKA the Dominican and Franciscan friars who would have no personal possessions and would beg for their food in towns and cities to combat the over materialistic Roman lifestyle.

question

Waldensians

answer

Most active in southern France and northern Italy. Proclaimed that the Roman Catholic clergy was immoral and corrupt. They lived modest and simple lives, as well as asserted the right of the laity (body of worshiper) to preach and administer sacraments. They were called heretical (straying from common belief) by the church.

question

The Cathars (Albigensian Crusade)

answer

The Albigensians, who were a heretical sect. Adopted teachings of heretical groups, and considered the material world evil, and thus, they proclaimed an ascetic, pure lifestyle (Vegetarian). They rejected the Roman Catholic church (they considered hopelessly corrupt). In a response to the challenging rise of the Cathars, Pope Innocent III (And a few French) destroyed the Cathars.

question

Leif Ericsson

answer

Son of Erick the Red, found "Newfoundland" in Canada, a location with plenty of fish and timber. It was named, "Vinland" because of its abundance of wild grapes.

question

Erick the Red

answer

A Scandinavian Seafarer who discovered Greenland with his party and created a small colony there.

question

Vinland

answer

A short lived colony discovered by Leif Ericsson, located in modern day Newfoundland, Canada.

question

Scandinavian Seafarers

answer

They explored the North Atlantic in search of islands. Started with Iceland.

question

Christianity in Scandinavia

answer

The kings of Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity, though, the conversion of subjects occurred gradually, because most were bound tightly to previous traditions. Iceland, Sweden, and Finland also adopted Roman Christianity.

question

Crusading Orders and Baltic Expansion

answer

Zealous Christians formed hybrid, military-religious conquests. Most important were Templars, Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights.

question

Teutonic Knights

answer

This was a military religious order that was most active in the Baltic region, they waged military campaigns against the pagan Slavic peoples during the 12th and 13th centuries.

question

Templars

answer

group of warriors who live like monks. established in 1120 to protect the pilgrims and defend Jerusalem. Headquartered in "temple of the Lord" in Jerusalem. Bernard Clairvaux was their most prominent spokesperson.

question

Hospitallers

answer

Order that took up arms to defend pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem, hospitals, or Jerusalem itself. Followed Benedictine Rule.

question

The reconquest of Sicily

answer

Reconquested by Roger Guiscard.

question

Robert and Roger Guiscard

answer

The Norman adventurer who made a state for himself in southern Italy while his brother (Roger) attempted to conquest Sicily. Roman Catholic Christianity was was reintroduced into Sicily, though there were still slight amounts of Muslims still worshiping Islam.

question

The reconquest of Spain (reconquista)

answer

[Background Info]: Was much longer than the reconquest of Sicily. The caliphate kingdom of Cordoba ruled in the Iberian peninsula. Surviving Christian states: Catalonia in the far northeast, and the kingdom of Leon in the northwest; Both resisting Muslim advances. Christian forces pushed south and recaptured Lisbon. Only the southern kingdom Granada remained Muslim. The Roman Catholic church soon began to displace Muslim in Spain.

question

The Crusades/"The holy war"

answer

The main idea was a huge expedition that Roman Catholic Christians mounted in an effort to recapture Palestine, the land of Christian origins, as well as the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim authorities.

question

Pope Urban II

answer

The launcher of the crusades, met bishops in the Council of Clermount, told Christian knights to take arms and seize the holy land. He even promised salvatino for those who fell during the campaign.

question

Peter Hermit

answer

A zealous preacher who traveled throughout France and Germany obtaining support with popular authorities. Hermit had organized an army of poor knights and peasants (men + women) to attack Palestine. It was a failure due to conflicts between the band and enemies.

question

The First Crusade

answer

Crusading armies began the long trek to Palestine. Jerusalem fell to the crusaders. Due to the success, Turks, Egyptians, and other Muslims attempted to settle their differences to attack the Europeans. The crusade state Edessa fell to the turks and Salah ah-Din recaptured Jerusalem.

question

Salah al-Din/Saladin

answer

Muslim leader

question

Fourth Crusade

answer

A major failure. Due to crusaders not being able to pay for their funds, Venetian authorities persuaded the crusaders to provide them military support. The crusaders conquered the Italian port of Zara, and utterly destroyed Constantinople. The fourth crusade never ventured to Palestine.

question

Crusade consequences

answer

Large-scale exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade goods from Muslims influenced European development. Aristotle, Islamic science, astronomy, "Arabic" numerals, paper production techniques were all brought into common day Europe, even food. The economy during the crusaders called for a much higher spectrum of items previously plausible. Although the crusades failed, they encouraged the reintegration of western Europe into the eastern hemisphere.

question

Notes:

answer

Studying these during class will guarantee an A on your test.

AP World Chapter 20 (Western Europe during the High Middle Ages) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards