AP World Chapter 20 (Western Europe during the High Middle Ages) – Flashcards

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Niccolo and Maffeo Polo
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Two brothers that visited Kublai Khan. Brought about the rise of Marco Polo's popularity, as well as improved the reintegration of Europe into the affairs of the eastern hemisphere.
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The Carolingian Empire
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The early empire of the Franks in Europe.
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European Society
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Regional states brought stable political order; Tools and technologies improved agriculture/growth; Missionary efforts expanded Christianity to most of Europe.
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High Middle Ages
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1000 to 1300 CE; An era with competing regional states; Dukes and counts took responsibilities in local areas.
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Holy Roman Empire
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Established by Otto of Saxony, A Christian revival of the original Roman Empire.
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Otto of Saxony/"Otto the great"
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An aggressive man who was king of northern Germany. He helped the church at times and was thus proclaimed emperor in 962 CE by Pope John XII, establishing the "Holy Roman Empire"
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Investiture Contest
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Relations between emperors and popes being tense for political control. It was a time when Pope Gregory VII ordered the end of lay investiture (emperors choosing their own church officials). Emperor Henry IV attacked the pope's rule, but ended up being excommunicated and losing power for a slight period of time.
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Emperor Henry IV
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Attacked Pope Gregory VII in the investiture contest, ended up with a horrible defeat because all of his officials were naturally under the Pope's rule.
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Frederick Barbarossa/"the red beard"
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Another attempt to create a single empire; A vigorous and gallant man who attempted to absorb Lombardy into northern Italy. The pope ended up removing his power.
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Voltaire
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An eighteenth-century French writer describing the Holy Roman Empire as "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" because the empire did nothing to restore imperial unity throughout western Europe.
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Capetian France
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Ruled by Hugh Capet; Ran under a lord and retainer relationship. Had gradually centralized power and authority in France.
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Hugh Capet
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Elected to serve as king of France. At the beginning, his retainers were much more powerful than him, though, his descendants(Capetian kings) added to the empires resources through a Lord and retainer relationship.
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Capetian Kings
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The descendants of Hugh Capet who added to the empires resources and expanded its political influence through a lord and retainer relationship. When they died without heirs, their territories were absorbed into Capetian France.
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The Normans (France)
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The descendants of Vikings who were the founders of Normandy. The dukes of Normandy pursued their own interests, maintaining a tight centralized authority (of dukes).
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Norman England
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Ruled by Duke William of Normandy, was much more centralized than Capetian France. Full of Angles/Saxons.
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Duke William of Normandy/"William the Conqueror"
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He invaded England, introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England.
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---Capetian/Norman struggles---
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Both empires had the trouble of retainers attempting to enlarge their powers at the expense of the monarchy. Both empires also battled each other often. Though, both empires were successful in maintain regional monarchies and relationships between lords and retainers.
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Italy
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Ruled by a series of ecclesiastical states competing for power against one another. Lay classes challenged bishops and eventually displaced them as ruling elites.
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Papal State
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A location in central Italy ruled by the popes.
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Italian States
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[North]: States dominated urban districts and surrounding hinterlands. [South]: Norman adventurers invading Byzantine and Muslim territories. Papal supported Normans going into southern Italy, eventually destroying Byzantine and Muslim authorities. Bringing southern Italy into Roman Catholic Christianity.
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Iberia
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Muslims ruled most of Iberia, though a few christian states in northern Spain. The Christians began to attack the Muslim states, expanding their domains (Castile, Aragon, and Portugal).
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Growth of Agricultural Economy
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Similar to the advancements of China; *More land devoted for agriculture *New crops and farming cycles (crop rotation) *Increased beans cultivation, more domestic animals, ponds for fish;Books written on agriculture techniques *Horse shoe(less crop destruction), and horse collar(more weight). Less reliance on grains and gruel.
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Population Growth
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800 CE -> 29 million 1000 CE -> 36 million 1100 CE -> 44 million 1200 CE -> 58 million (30% increase in one century) 1300 CE -> 79 million (another 36%) 1400 CE -> Epidemic Plague
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Urbanization
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Large class of artisans, craft workers, merchants, and professionals. Peasants and serfs moved to the cities, creating towns.
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Textile production
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Increased specialization of labor; Manufacturing focused on Wool textiles. The city of Italy and Flanders were popular centers for textiles. Counts in Champagne(Northern France) sponsored fairs that operated year round.
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Mediterranean Trade
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Amalfi and Venice were popular merchant ports, trading with Byzantine and Muslim peoples. Venetian and Genoese merchants maintained large communities in Constantinople ports.
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Hanseatic League
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Located in the Baltic and North sea, the Hansa was a location with many trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London. Dominated in gran, fish, furs, timber, and pitch.
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Improved Business Technique
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*Credit: Due to the increasing volume of trade, new forms of credit were adapted. Banks issued letters of credit to merchants traveling distant markets (making it safer to travel). *Partnerships: Partnerships were adopted for businesses as a new way to pool risks in investments. Improved European economy.
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The Three Estates
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"Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work" Religious, militants/nobles, common people {A social class distinction.}
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Chivalry
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An informal code of ethics for nobles. Instead of seeking wealth and power, the noble would seek order, piety, and the Christian faith.
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Troubadours
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Aristocratic women who emphasized refined behavior relations between the sexes (Chivalric code variation). Their interests survived in songs and poems of the troubadours.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Liberally supported romantic poets and entertainers. One of the most celebrated women of her day. Encouraged the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and Romantic love.
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Independent Cities
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There was an expansion of the worker class to (Professionals such as: Physicians and lawyers). This expansion promoted the development of towns and cities that fit awkwardly in the framework of the medieval Europe. Urban cities started to rebel against taxes as they increased in size; They created their own (Hansa clones) to protect their commercial interests.
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Guilds
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Cities in Europe were not egalitarian(equal). Guilds have came to control most of the Urban economy. Standards of quality, production techniques Prices of items Regulated the entry of new workers Guild members socialized in giant guild halls, banquets, and parties. They also helped members that were sick, or in trouble. Guilds were both the main economic, and social infrastructures in medieval Europe cities.
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Women in Urban societies
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Unlike countryside women who only performed domestic chores, women in the city had more opportunities, often working alongside men. Most guilds allowed women, and 6 only allowed women.
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Literature
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Most of the art, literature, and music drew inspiration from Christian doctrines.
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Early Education
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Early European society was not wealthy or stable enough to support advanced education. Thus early medieval scholars drew inspiration from the Bible and spokesmen (St. Augustine of Hippo)
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Cathedral Schools
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Due to the sharp increase in economic wealth, there was a demand for educated individuals who could deal with complicated political, legal, and theological issues. Cathedral schools were created by bishops in France and N. Italy. Well known scholars were invited to teach. Popular locations for cathedral schools were Paris, Chartres, and Bologna. Their curriculum was based on Latin writings (the official language of the Roman Catholic church). They read works of the saints, Plato, and Aristotle.
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Universities
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Academic guilds created by students and teachers, ending up upgrading a Cathedral school into a University. Main instruction provided were: law, theology, and medicine.
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Aristotle's influence
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Europeans learned about Aristotle's works in Latin translations from Byzantine philosophers, and Arabic from Muslim philosophers. There were slight flaws in the works, but it was now accessible to European Christian scholars.
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Scholasticism
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Sought to combine the beliefs of Christianity with Greek philosophy. (Not very popular to common people)
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St. Thomas Aquinas
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The most famous of scholastic theologians, working in the University of Paris. Believed Aristotle has more understanding of the world than any other human being. Viewed Christianity and Aristotle's beliefs coeternal with each other.
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Sacraments
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Most popular to the common people in Europe, a total of 7 sacraments. The most popular was the Eucharist (Communion) sacrament. Usually observed weekly, daily by the devout. The Eucharist was believed to protect people from sudden death, and advance their worldly interests.
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Devotion to Saints
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Saints were human beings who received special esteem due to being very devout to god.
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Virgin Mary
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The most popular saint, the mother of Jesus. She personified the Christian ideal of womanhood, love and sympathy. She once spared a criminal from a hanging. Europeans dedicated churches and cathedrals to Mary, e.g. Notre Dame ("Our lady").
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Saints' Relics
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Physical remains, and possessions of deceased Saints. Used to express their adoring faith to the Saints. Though, it opened an opportunity for defraudation
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Pilgrimage
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Streams of pilgrims visited Rome of Italy, and Compostela of Spain, some even went to Jerusalem. The most important relics were, St.Peter and St.Paul. Travel industries were being made due to the popularity of these Pilgrimages (inns, guides, and shrines).
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St. Dominic & St. Francis
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Founded the orders of mendicants(beggars), AKA the Dominican and Franciscan friars who would have no personal possessions and would beg for their food in towns and cities to combat the over materialistic Roman lifestyle.
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Waldensians
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Most active in southern France and northern Italy. Proclaimed that the Roman Catholic clergy was immoral and corrupt. They lived modest and simple lives, as well as asserted the right of the laity (body of worshiper) to preach and administer sacraments. They were called heretical (straying from common belief) by the church.
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The Cathars (Albigensian Crusade)
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The Albigensians, who were a heretical sect. Adopted teachings of heretical groups, and considered the material world evil, and thus, they proclaimed an ascetic, pure lifestyle (Vegetarian). They rejected the Roman Catholic church (they considered hopelessly corrupt). In a response to the challenging rise of the Cathars, Pope Innocent III (And a few French) destroyed the Cathars.
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Leif Ericsson
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Son of Erick the Red, found "Newfoundland" in Canada, a location with plenty of fish and timber. It was named, "Vinland" because of its abundance of wild grapes.
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Erick the Red
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A Scandinavian Seafarer who discovered Greenland with his party and created a small colony there.
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Vinland
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A short lived colony discovered by Leif Ericsson, located in modern day Newfoundland, Canada.
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Scandinavian Seafarers
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They explored the North Atlantic in search of islands. Started with Iceland.
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Christianity in Scandinavia
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The kings of Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity, though, the conversion of subjects occurred gradually, because most were bound tightly to previous traditions. Iceland, Sweden, and Finland also adopted Roman Christianity.
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Crusading Orders and Baltic Expansion
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Zealous Christians formed hybrid, military-religious conquests. Most important were Templars, Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights.
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Teutonic Knights
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This was a military religious order that was most active in the Baltic region, they waged military campaigns against the pagan Slavic peoples during the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Templars
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group of warriors who live like monks. established in 1120 to protect the pilgrims and defend Jerusalem. Headquartered in "temple of the Lord" in Jerusalem. Bernard Clairvaux was their most prominent spokesperson.
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Hospitallers
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Order that took up arms to defend pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem, hospitals, or Jerusalem itself. Followed Benedictine Rule.
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The reconquest of Sicily
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Reconquested by Roger Guiscard.
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Robert and Roger Guiscard
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The Norman adventurer who made a state for himself in southern Italy while his brother (Roger) attempted to conquest Sicily. Roman Catholic Christianity was was reintroduced into Sicily, though there were still slight amounts of Muslims still worshiping Islam.
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The reconquest of Spain (reconquista)
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[Background Info]: Was much longer than the reconquest of Sicily. The caliphate kingdom of Cordoba ruled in the Iberian peninsula. Surviving Christian states: Catalonia in the far northeast, and the kingdom of Leon in the northwest; Both resisting Muslim advances. Christian forces pushed south and recaptured Lisbon. Only the southern kingdom Granada remained Muslim. The Roman Catholic church soon began to displace Muslim in Spain.
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The Crusades/"The holy war"
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The main idea was a huge expedition that Roman Catholic Christians mounted in an effort to recapture Palestine, the land of Christian origins, as well as the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim authorities.
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Pope Urban II
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The launcher of the crusades, met bishops in the Council of Clermount, told Christian knights to take arms and seize the holy land. He even promised salvatino for those who fell during the campaign.
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Peter Hermit
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A zealous preacher who traveled throughout France and Germany obtaining support with popular authorities. Hermit had organized an army of poor knights and peasants (men + women) to attack Palestine. It was a failure due to conflicts between the band and enemies.
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The First Crusade
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Crusading armies began the long trek to Palestine. Jerusalem fell to the crusaders. Due to the success, Turks, Egyptians, and other Muslims attempted to settle their differences to attack the Europeans. The crusade state Edessa fell to the turks and Salah ah-Din recaptured Jerusalem.
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Salah al-Din/Saladin
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Muslim leader
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Fourth Crusade
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A major failure. Due to crusaders not being able to pay for their funds, Venetian authorities persuaded the crusaders to provide them military support. The crusaders conquered the Italian port of Zara, and utterly destroyed Constantinople. The fourth crusade never ventured to Palestine.
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Crusade consequences
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Large-scale exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade goods from Muslims influenced European development. Aristotle, Islamic science, astronomy, "Arabic" numerals, paper production techniques were all brought into common day Europe, even food. The economy during the crusaders called for a much higher spectrum of items previously plausible. Although the crusades failed, they encouraged the reintegration of western Europe into the eastern hemisphere.
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Notes:
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Studying these during class will guarantee an A on your test.
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