question

Jamestown

answer

The first successful settlement in colonial America, founded in May of 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established.

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John Smith

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Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

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John Rolfe

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He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

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Virginia House of Burgesses

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Virginia's government modeled after Parliament. Created in 1619. First elected legislative assembly in the New World, established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World.

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Mayflower Compact

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This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

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William Bradford

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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

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Plymouth Plantation

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Site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. The first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Separatists were here.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Absorbed the Plymouth community. Later became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center.

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Anglicanism

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Relating to the church of England, a branch of Protestantism created by King Henry VIII that is designed to respect the government.

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Proprietary Colony

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Used to kick back money to the crown. The king gave land to one or more people in return for yearly payment; cash crops.

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Restoration Colony

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Any royal colony established after 1660, land grants in north america given by king charles II as a reward to his supporters

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Halfway Covenant

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A Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to the children of Visible Saints. Lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church and the regular members.

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Joint Stock Company

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A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits after success is reached.

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Headright System

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Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

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Bacon's Rebellion

answer

1676 - A group of indentured servants were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after they attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with ___ as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when the leader died of an illness.

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King Phillip's War

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War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, Metacom lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

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Thomas Hooker

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A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

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James Oglethorpe

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Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

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William Penn

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A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

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Sir Edmund Andros

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English military man affiliation with Church of England laid heavy restrictons on the courts the press, and the schools, and revoked all land titles he tried to escape wearing women clothing when boston mob tries to catch him he was sent back to england

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Benjamin Franklin

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American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

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Indentured Servants

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People who could not afford their passage to the colonies could become this. A master would pay their passage, and in exchange, the ___ would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

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Mercantilism

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An economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. The amount of gold and silver you own defines how powerful you are. (Europe in 18th C)

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Navigation Acts

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Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

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The Great Awakening

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Religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism; nevertheless united the colonists as a people.

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George Whitefield

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One of the key preachers of the great awakening. Had seven revival tours, very popular man. "New Light" preacher, known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.

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The Enlightenment

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A philosophical movement; Started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. Emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

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Deism

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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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French and Indian War

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Was a war fought on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated the French in 1763. Historical significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

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The Albany Congress

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Meeting called by Great Britain of 13 colonial representatives in New York in order to develop a treaty with Native Americans and plan the defense of the colonies against France - exceeding these limited objectives, the assembly adopted the ___ Plan of Union

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Proclamation of 1763

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. 1763.

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Stamp Act of 1765

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Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen. 1765.

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Sons of Liberty

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A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest

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Coercive Acts

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This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

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Olive Branch Petition

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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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"Common Sense"

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A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many common men the imminent need to break away from Britain.

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Second Continental Congress

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They organized the continental Army and called on the colonies to send troops; selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

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Treaty of Paris 1783

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This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. 1783.

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The Northwest Ordinance

answer

Provided the basis for governing much of western territory. The law created a new territory north of the Ohio River which would eventually be divided into three to five states.

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Shay's Rebellion

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___ and his farmer followers demanded that the state issue more paper money and less taxes. The gov gives in.

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The Constitution

answer

Written to explain the rights of the people and the powers of the federal government, by James Madison.

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James Madison

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Intellectual known as "The Father of the Constitution".

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Anti-federalists

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Group of people that believed in the peoples' vote, and having strong state governments.

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The Federalist Papers

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Written and put in newspapers to be used as propaganda towards the general public.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Strong federalist leader with a high intensity for war.

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Loose Interpretation

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Not exactly what the constitution states but along the general outline; Hamilton

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Strict Interpretation

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Follow the constitution word for word; Jefferson

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Federalists

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Strong central government and bank; the wealthy people; Hamilton.

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Democratic-Republicans

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Strong state powers; the common people; Jefferson

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Jay's Treaty

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John Jay, sent by Washington, goes to England to negotiate

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Whiskey Rebellion

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Angry farmers got mad because a tax was put on their whiskey, so no profit was made

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XYZ Affair

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Three shady French men said the US would have to pay a large sum of money to talk to French leaders

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Raise naturalization to 15 years and the president and deport any dangerous citizen; also the current party can't be basked in writing

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

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Madison and Jefferson encouraged the states to nullify the alien and sedition acts because the federal government had exceeded their power

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Revolution of 1800

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End of the Federalist party; start of Jefferson's presidency (aka Jeffersonian Revolution)

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Marbury vs. Madison

answer

first large court case, Marbury sues Madison for ; establishes judicial review

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John Marshall

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chief justice; makes decisions that strengthen the central government

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Embargo of 1807

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Prohibits trade with and cargo from leaving the US going to England or France; Jefferson's way of punishing England

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The War of 1812

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Started over neautrality and impressment; ends with the Treaty of Ghent

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Clay's American System

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Makes the US economically self-sufficient; high protective tariff, strong national bank, internal improvements (transportation)

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Hartford Convention

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End of the Federalist party; They complain about the war, states' rights and the president's term length

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Monroe Doctrine

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The US won't mess in EU's business if they stay out of our's; Neutralize the threat of Europe

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National road (Cumberland Road)

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After the War of 1812 people migrated to the Old Northwest on the new central road

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McCullough vs. Maryland

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Maryland cannot tax the national bank, the power to tax is the power to destroy; establishes judicial review

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Missouri Compromise

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11 free states, 11 slave states; created by Henry Clay

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John Quincy Adams

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Awesome Secretary of State; Federalist; likes tariffs and improvements; hates slavery

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Worcester vs. Georgia

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Cherokee's are told they can stay on their land and won't be forced out

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Gibbons vs. Ogden

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New York monopoly for a shipping company; Marshall says "no" and strengthens Fed power

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Lowell System

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Women work in mills to get money for the family; There is one manager

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Tariff of Abominations

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Raised taxes on imported manufactured goods; economically protected the North but harmed the South

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John C. Calhoun

answer

South Carolina politician; wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally; senator

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Daniel Webster

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Great American Orator; several important speeches as a lawyer and a congressman; representative of North in pre-civil war

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Specie Circular

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Andrew Jackson's policy that required hard gold to be used in all land transactions with the federal government

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Second Great Awakening

answer

An early 1800's spiritual movement that emphasized personal salvation and perfection from sin; Charles Finney

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Tocqueville's Democracy in America

answer

When Tocqueville came to America and wrote his observations in a popular novel

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Transcendentalism

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Ralph Waldo Emerson; each person had direct communication with God; churches aren't necessary

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Abolitionsm

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The idea of anti-slavery; many people in the North support this movement

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Nat Turner's Rebellion

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The largest slave uprising in American history; occurred in Virginia and left 55 white southerners dead

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Whig Party

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Supported industry; favored protective tariffs and Clay's American system; Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun are members of this party

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Seneca Falls

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Large meeting of women to gain womens' rights- such as voting

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Manifest Destiny

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Divine right to settle the land from coast to coast

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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

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Mexico gave the US Teas and Southern lands, we paid Mexico $15 million in exchange

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Free Soil Party

answer

Party containing mostly Northerners, formed because they wanted slavery banned- it competes with small farms

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Republican Party

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Free soil + Know-Nothings + Whigs + Northerners merged into a purely sectional party. Liberal and anti-slave

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Popular Sovereignty

answer

The people of the new territories should decide for themselves if the state should be free or slave

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

answer

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; helped bring along the civil war

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

answer

Repealed the Missouri Compromise; Popular Sovereignty would decide slavery in these states

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Stephen Douglas

answer

One of the masterminds of the Compromise of 1850 and a man who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Is for popular sovereignty

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Know Nothing Party

answer

Nativist political party; opposed immigrants and catholics; founded in the 1840's; also known as the American Party, Star Spangled Banner Party

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Dred Scott decision

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MO slave that achieves freedom, then is re-enslaved. Supreme court rules him as a slave. Also says all states are legally slave states (5th amendment) and that all slaves are private property, forever unable to become freed.

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John Brown

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Radical abolitionist; believed God wanted him to end slavery. Led Harper's Ferry and Pottawatomie Creek massacre

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Lincoln freed all slaves in states that had seceded. Released after Union's win at Antietam. Law not enforced.

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

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Pardoned the confederates, put them out of office and government, not paying for damages.

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Homestead Act

answer

offered 160 acres of land to any settler who would pay a $10 registration fee and live there for 5 years, cultivate, improve it.

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Morill Act

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Provided a generous gift of land for education purposes

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Military Reconstruction Act

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(1867) This legislation divided the south into five districts and were placed under direct control of Northern troops

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Freedman's Bureau

answer

Gave food, clothing, education and jobs tot he freed slaves

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13th Amendment

answer

(1865) Freed all slaves and abolished slavery

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14th Amendment

answer

This granted, in the constitution, the full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including slaves

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15th Amendment

answer

Guaranteed suffrage to all men of any color and class

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Solid South

answer

The idea that the South would not change from their original beliefs of government and economy

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Compromise of 1877

answer

20 disputed votes in electoral college. Rutherford B. Hayes is president, reconstruction over, federal troops removed

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Turner's Frontier Thesis

answer

Americans moving away from European ideas

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Dawes Act

answer

Struck directly at tribal organization and tried to make rugged individuals out of the indians

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Laissez-Faire

answer

The government's hands-off policy towards expanding business and the economy

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Greenback Party

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Anti-corporation, wanted greenbacks as the national currency

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Social Darwinism

answer

The belief that only the fittest could last in society (the poor and blacks not made for society)

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Andrew Carnegie

answer

Starts off as a work for Hill in the RR business, but becomes richest man in America with the steel industry

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John D. Rockefeller

answer

Makes a fortune in the oil business, became philanthropist in later years

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Horatio Alger

answer

A dime novel writer in the industrial age, this man wrote about rags to riches opportunities in America

question

Interstate Commerce Commission

answer

1885, board that monitors the business operation of carries transporting goods and people between states

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

answer

A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies; prohibits contracts and other combinations restricting trade

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American Federation of Labor

answer

Led by Samuel Gompers, this organization was a successful trade for skilled-laborers

question

Knights of Labor

answer

Allow both skilled and unskilled laborers, ended with the Haymarket square bombing

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Great Railroad Strike

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A collection of seperate strikes of RR workers who stop all RR traffic for two weeks until militia is called in

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Pullman Strike

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In Chicago of 1894; a RR strike over the factory workers' wages being slashed

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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A race-based law supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to immigrants

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"New" Immigration

answer

Immigration after 1890 that involved Eastern and Southern Europe; many were anarchists or socialists

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Social Gospel

answer

A movement that emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of slavation

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Cult of Domesticity

answer

A group of women who fought for prohibition, child labor laws, and suffrage for women

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Jane Addams

answer

Created the Hull House to unite immigrants and keep crime out of the poorer neighborhoods

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Populist Party

answer

The western farmers who wanted government owned RR and telephones, one term for the president, and the silver standard

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William Jennings Bryan

answer

The democratic candidate who ran against McKinley; sticks with the gold vs. silver debate, an old issue

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Eugene V. Debs

answer

Leader of the Pullman Strike who was later thrown into jail; the AF of L didn't support this strike because of this man

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Yellow Journalism

answer

Writers wrote sensational stories about events; encouraged the Spanish-American war

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Muckrakers

answer

People who studied all that was wrong in society and published it in the papers and magazines

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Pure Food and Drug Act

answer

Mislabeled and/or contaminated food could not be sold or shipped

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Ida Tarbell

answer

A Muckraker who wrote about the corruption of Rockefeller and the Standard Oil business

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Robert M. LaFollette

answer

The govenor of Wisconsin who is very progressive; tries to fix his state

question

Roosevelt Corollary

answer

A step up from the Monroe Doctrine, the US will get involved if a problem is soon going to arise; makes the US the 'policemen' of the Western hemisphere

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Dollar Diplomacy

answer

US threw money at failing/troubled Latin countries in the hopes that it improves problems; still had to send the Marines anyways because problems were not being fixed by the money

question

NAACP

answer

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; led by W.E.B. du Bois

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Federal Reserve Act of 1913

answer

Created by Wilson, 12 districts of banks; helps make a more elastic currency

question

Schenk vs. United States

answer

Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts

question

Pancho Villa

answer

A rebel of Mexico who crosses the border back and forth killing American citizens and Mexican citizens; 130,000 troops can't find him

question

Selective Service Act

answer

Drafted men into WWI between the ages of 20 and 35

question

War Industries Board

answer

Bought war supplies and encouraged mass production

question

Espionage and Sedition Acts

answer

Prohibited any attempt to interfere with the US war operations; made it illegal for netizens to talk bad about the US

question

Article X

answer

Established the League of Nations and part of the Treaty of Versailles

question

Palmer Raids

answer

"Communism" was spreading in the laborers was were rounded up

question

19th Amednment

answer

Written into the constitution to grant women's suffrage

question

Teapot Dome Scandal

answer

Albert B. Fall sold priceless naval oil to Sinclair and Doheny after a bribe of $100,000

question

Marcus Garvey

answer

A Jamaican politician who founded the United Negro Improvement Association to settle blacks

question

Langston Hughes

answer

Attended Columbia University them moved to Harlem where he wrote many famous pieces of literature

question

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

answer

Two Italian men convicted of a crime they probably didn't commit, found guilty and killed

question

Kellog-Briand Pact

answer

The Secretary of State signed what was known as the Pact of Paris to ensure peace

question

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

answer

Started as a small tariff to help farmers but ended up as the highest one yet

question

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

answer

In response to Hoover's appeal as a government lending bank providing relief

question

Bonus Marchers

answer

WWI veterans that camped out in front of the White House to get more money

question

The 1st Hundred Days

answer

Time when FDR was initially judged and created many relief programs

question

CCC

answer

Civilian Conservation Corps; for men 18-25 to work in forestry programs; "Roosevelt's Tree Planting Army"

question

FDIC

answer

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; protected up to $5000 in the bank if the bank failed

question

NRA

answer

Series of codes created by businesses for biz to follow; minimum wage, max hours, child labor; Blue eagle seal= following the codes; eventually failed because there was no binding rule

question

Huey Long

answer

Governor of Louisiana; wanted a socialistic society for the whole of the US

question

John Maynard Keynes

answer

Created the Keynesian economic system

question

Social Security Act

answer

For workers to get a pension when they retire; paid for by younger workers' payrolls

question

Wagner Act

answer

Aka NLRA; prohibits unfair labor practices and protects unions and their right to collectively bargain

question

Neutrality Acts of 1935

answer

After Hitler gains power in Europe; US becomes isolated through these acts, promising our neutrality if a war is thought to be happening somewhere (1935-1937)

question

Lend-Lease

answer

The US lent "old" ships to the allies as long as they were given back (they weren't- FDR purposefully gave them these new ships)

question

Office of Price Administration

answer

Looks at goods and controls the prices, stops inflation, controls rent rates, some rationing

question

Korematsu v. U.S.

answer

Man convicted of not going to the internment camps, upheld by the Supreme Court

question

DouglasMacArthur

answer

General, leader of the war against Japan in WWII, leads the "island-hopping"

question

Yalta Conference

answer

Dominated by Stalin who will not give up his conquered land, works with FDR and Churchill

question

Containment

answer

Truman wanted to stop the USSR from expanding his communist influence any further

question

Truman Doctrine

answer

Put the US in the global position of stopping the spread of communism

question

Marshall Plan

answer

A plan to provide aid to rebuild Europe and restart economies and governments

question

Taft-Hartley Act

answer

Gave the president the power to stop unions and strikes, Truman vetoes it

question

McCarthyism

answer

McCarthy goes after democrats in the government and declares they are communist

question

HUAC

answer

People who were "suspects" were put on trial for being an un-loyal communist; "House Un-American Activities Committee"

question

Modern Republicanism

answer

Supported by the South more and more; more smilar to the old democrats

question

National Defense Education Act

answer

Provided better scientific education for students due to the arms race

question

Brown vs. Board of Education

answer

Supreme court repealed Plessy vs. Ferguson and declared "separate but equal" is not equal; things can't be separate anymore

question

Little Rock 9

answer

Nine black kids tried to integrate a white high school but the governor wouldn't allow it

question

Bay of Pigs

answer

Makes JFK look bad; 14,000 Cuban exiles are sent to Cuba to start a revolution, becomes a disaster

question

Cuban Missile Crisis

answer

Soviet Union beings to build up their missiles in Cuba, US and Russia barely avoid conflict

question

Civil Rights Act of 1964

answer

Passed by LBJ as a tribute to JFK, outlaws discrimination against blacks and women

question

Medicare Act of 1965

answer

Not passed, supposed to give people money when they are injured

question

Immigration Act of 1965

answer

Revoked any previous restrictions on immigration into the US

question

Voting Rights Act of 1965

answer

Ensures federal intervention in blacks registered voters, focuses on the South

question

Vietcong

answer

Fighting forces for North Vietnam but on the S.Viet side, fights against the US

question

Ho Chi Minh

answer

The communist leader of China that helps N.Viet against the French

question

"Domino Theory"

answer

If one nation falls to communism then all of them will

question

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

answer

Gave LBJ permission to unofficially declare war on south east Asia

question

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

answer

MLK, Jr. calls on southern churches to help with civil rights

question

SNCC

answer

a black youth group; start out with peaceful sit-ins but eventually become violent

question

Martin Luther King, Jr.

answer

Very influential black priest; the clear leader of the civil rights movement

question

Montgomery Bus Boycotts

answer

Started by Rosa Parks when she refused to give up her seat

question

March on Washington

answer

A non-violent march led by MLK, Jr. to ask the gov for civil rights more directly

question

Black Panthers

answer

A leftist African American revolutionary group; related to Malcolm X

question

Malcolm X

answer

Assassinated in 1965 after he realized that MLK was right during his trip to Mecca, had a large mouth and a gap in his teeth

question

Tet Offensive

answer

The Vietcong and the N.Viet invaded S.Viet; the US "won" physically but were defeated psychologically-- the public now questioned what was really happening

question

Kent State

answer

A college riot over the fact that bombs were still being dropped in Viet after the ceasefire, four people die.

question

Vietnamization

answer

Nixon's policy of de-escalating the war and pulling troops gradually out

question

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT)

answer

The US and the USSR promise to limit the amount of nuclear weapons

question

Detente

answer

A cooling of cold war tensions that start when Nixon visits the USSR and China

question

Watergate

answer

Nixon thought he wouldn't win so he hired the FBI to make false evidence against the Democrats

question

War Powers Act

answer

Congress passed a law that checked Nixon's power as president because of his Vietnam calls

question

Camp David Accords

answer

President Jimmy Carter got Israel and Egypt to come to an agreement over land

question

Reaganomics

answer

A policy used by president Reagan to cut deficit spending and taxes to fix the economy

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