AP US History Ch. 32 – Flashcards

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progressives
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These crusaders called for reform against evils such as monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. They sought to "use government as an agency of human welfare."
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Greenback Labor Party, Populists
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These two political groups were the predecessors of the progressives.
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laissez-faire
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Progressives argued that this economic policy, long the backbone of American business, must be curtailed.
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(Henry Demarest) Lloyd
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This author wrote 'Wealth against Commonwealth,' an attack on the Standard Oil Company, in 1894.
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Wealth against Commonwealth
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In this 1894 book, Henry Demarest Lloyd criticized the Standard Oil Company.
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(Thorstein) Veblen
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Wrote 'The Theory of the Leisure Class' in 1899, assailing the new rich and their "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption."
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The Theory of the Leisure Class
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In this 1899 work, Thorstein Veblen criticized the "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" of the new rich.
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(Jacob A.) Riis
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This man was a Danish immigrant and a reporter from the New York 'Sun.' He shocked the middle class with his 'How the Other Half Lives,' a depiction of the squalid conditions of poverty in the New York slums.
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How the Other Half Lives
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1890 work by Jacob A. Riis dealing with the conditions of the New York slums. It shocked the middle class, and deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt in his formative years.
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(Theodore) Dreiser
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This novelist criticized promoters and profiteers in 'The Financier' (1912) and 'The Titan' (1914).
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muckrakers
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President Roosevelt coined this term for reporters who dug deep for scandalous information that would boost magazine circulation. The term originates from a character in Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Progress.'
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(Lincoln) Steffens
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New York reporter who in 1902 published a series of articles in McClure's called "The Shame of the Cities." It exposed the conspiracy between big business and municipal government.
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The Shame of the Cities
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This series of artlces was published in McClures in 1902 by Lincoln Steffens. It uncovered the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.
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McClure's
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This magazine published "The Shame of Cities" by Lincoln Steffens and the works of Ida M. Tarbell.
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(Ida M.) Tarbell
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A woman journalist who published an attack on Standard Oil Company in McClure's. Her father had been ruined by oil interests.
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(Thomas W.) Lawson
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A speculator who made $50 million on the stock market, then ostracized himself from his rich associates by publishing "Frenzied Finance," which exposed the practices of his accomplices. Though this boosted sales for Everybody's, the magazine in which the series was published, the author died a poor man.
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Everybody's
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"Frenzied Finance," a series by Thomas W. Lawson exposing the practices of those involved with the stock market, was published in this magazine.
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Frenzied Finance
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This series by Thomas W. Lawson exposed the practices of his fellow accomplices on the stock market. Its publication made Lawson a good deal of enemies among the rich, but it boosted the sales of Everbody's, the magazine in which it was published.
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(David G.) Phillips
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Published "The Treason of the Senate" in Cosmopolitan in 1906, shocking the nation. He charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts rather than the people. He continued publishing other works, and in 1911 was assassinated by a deranged young man.
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The Treason of the Senate
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A work by David G. Phillips which held that 75 of the 90 senators supported railroads and trusts rather than the people. It impressed President Roosevelt.
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Cosmopolitan
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Magazine in which David G. Phillips published "The Treason of the Senate."
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(Ray Stannard) Baker
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He published 'Following the Color Line' in 1908, spotlighting the subjugation of America's 9 million blacks (90% lived in the South, 1/3 were illiterate).
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Following the Color Line
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Book by Ray Stannard Baker, exposing the subjugation of America's blacks; 90% lived in the South and 1/3 of them were illiterate.
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(John) Spargo
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Wrote 'The Bitter Cry of the Children' exposing the abuses of child labor. (1906)
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The Bitter Cry of the Children
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1906 book by John Spargo exposing the abuses of child labor.
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patent medicines
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Many people assumed that these remedies were safe and/or backed by the the government, but they were often spiked excessively with alcohol, addictive, or otherwise harmful. They were advertised widely, and their sale was profitable to unscrupulous businessmen.
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(Harvey W.) Wiley
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This doctor was the chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture, and with his famous "Poison Squad," performed experiments on himself, testing vile patent medicines.
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Poison Squad
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Group led by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley of the Department of Agriculture; they performed experiments to test the effects of patent medicines.
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interests
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Term used by progressives for the larger-than-life businesses, trusts, politicians, etc. who overshadowed the poor masses of America.
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initiative
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Refers to the right of the voters to directly propose legislation, thus bypassing the corrupt senate legislatures.
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referendum
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Refers to placing laws on the ballot for final approval by the people, especially those pushed through by big-money "interests."
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recall
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Refers to the right of voters to remove elected officials who did not do their duty, especially those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists.
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initiative, referendum, recall
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List the three tools that progressives endeavored to employ at the state level to amplify the political voices of the the American people.
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corrupt-practices acts
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Many of these types of legislation were passed at the state level to limit the amount of money that candidates could spend for their election. They also restricted gifts from corporations to politicians.
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Australian ballot
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This "secret" ballot was introduced at the insistence of progressives in order to counteract the corrupt purchase of voters during elections.
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Millionaires' Club
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A sneering nickname for the Senate; it stems from the fact that by 1900 the Senate was rife with rich men. Many were held under the sway of corporations. The progressives aimed to curtail this through direct election of the Senators.
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Seventeenth Amendment
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This amendment to the Constitution established the direct election of US Senators. It was established in 1913.
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Galveston
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In 1901 this Texas city appointed expert-staffed commissioners to run its affairs, in an effort to better the inefficient and corrupt city government.
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commissioner system
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This type of city government appoints experts to run the city affairs. It was implemented by Galveston, Texas in 1901.
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city-manager system
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Other than the commissioner system, this type of city government was instated to take the politics out of municipal administration.
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(Robert M.) La Follette
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Known as "Fighting Bob," this Wisconsin governor was one of the most militant progressive leaders. He fought specifically to take power away from companies and place it upon the people. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities.
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public utilities commissions
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These were the primary organizations used by progressives to regulate railroads and trusts.
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Hiram Johnson
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Elected Republican governor of California in 1910, he prosecuted grafters and helped stomp the Southern Pacific Railroad out of California politics.
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(Charles Evans) Hughes
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Reformist Republican governor of New York who gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust.
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workmen's compensation laws
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These laws were passed by progressives to relieve the injured laborer from the burden of lawsuits to prove negligence on the part of the employer.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Company
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In 1911 a sweatshop run by this New York company burned down, killing 146 women workers, many of whom were young girls.
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Muller v. Oregon
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In this 1908 Supreme Court case, Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the judges to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers. Though the reasoning was sexist and discriminatory, it was still hailed as a triumph by progressives.
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Lochner v. New York
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In this Supreme Court case, the judges invalidated a New York law that provided for a ten-hour workday for bakers.
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cemetery vote
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Refers to the ballots fraudulently submitted for people who had died before the time of the election.
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saloon
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By 1900 cities like New York and San Francisco had one of these for every 200 people.
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
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A notable militant anti-liquor organization. Frances E. Willard was one of its founders.
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(Frances E.) Willard
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One of the founders of the WCTU, she would fall on her knees in prayer on saloon floors. She found an ally in the Anti-Saloon League, which shared her anti-liquor sentiments.
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Anti-Saloon League
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An aggressive, well-organized, and well-financed organization which campaigned for temperance.
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"dry" laws
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Some states and numerous counties passed these laws which controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol.
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Eighteenth Amendment
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This constitutional amendment was passed in 1919, outlawing the sale or consumption of liquor.
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Square Deal
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This progressive plan made by Roosevelt sought to establish the three C's: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.
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control of the corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources
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The three C's of Roosevelt's Square Deal for labor.
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Pennsylvania
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Workers in this state started a crippling strike in 1902 against the corporation that owned the coal mines. In the case, Roosevelt's policies prevailed, and it worked out as a momentous victory for labor.
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(George F.) Baer
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He was a multimillionaire spokesman for the mine owners involved in the major coal miners' strike in Pennsylvania. He was closed-minded and believed the same as his employers, that it was God's will that those in power should keep it and that workers could do nothing about it.
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Department of Commerce and Labor
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This department was created by Congress in 1903 at the request of President Roosevelt, in response to the mounting antagonism between capital and labor. The agency later split in two. An important branch of it is the Bureau of Corporations.
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Bureau of Corporations
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Branch of the Department of Commerce and Labor which was authorized to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce.
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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This was created in 1887 as a feeble gesture of reform meant to appease the public. It was designed to regulate some of the business of the railroads, but it was largely ineffective. In 1906, under the Hepburn Act, it was expanded and improved, regulating express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. It was also authorized to nullify existing shipping rates and stipulated maximum rates.
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Elkins Act
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1903 act which aimed to curb the practice of rebates in the railroad industry. Heavy fines could be imposed on railroads that gave them and shippers that accepted them.
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Hepburn Act
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1906 Act which severely restricted free passes distributed by railroads, and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
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Northern Securities Company
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In 1906, the Supreme court made headlines by upholding Roosevelt's antitrust suit against this company. The company itself was organized by J. P. Morgan and James. J. Hill. The suit angered Wall Street and big business, but enhanced TR's reputation as a trustbuster.
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Upton Sinclair
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Author of 'The Jungle.' He was an ardent socialist and aimed to expose the evils befalling laborers in the crowded and fowl manufacturing cities. However, his novel's publication in 1906 resulted in massive reform in the area of food safety regulation.
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The Jungle
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1906 novel by Upton Sinclair that was intended to publicize the plight of laborers in Chicago canning factories, but instead nauseated readers and influenced a flurry of food-safety regulation reforms.
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Meat Inspection Act
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This act was passed in 1906 after the uproar in response to Sinclair's 'The Jungle.' It decreed that the preparation of meat transported over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. This allowed bigger corporations to drive out shady lower-level competitors, and to benefit from the seal of approval awarded by the government.
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Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
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This act was passed alongside the Meat Inspection Act in response to Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle.'
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Desert Land Act
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Under this 1877 act, the federal government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years. It was one of the first feeble steps for conservation.
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Forest Reserve Act
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This 1891 act authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves. In the 1890's, 46 million acres of forest were set aside and rescued from lumberers.
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Carey Act
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This 1894 act distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. It led to the cultivation of about 1 million acres of land that would otherwise be barren.
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(Gifford) Pinchot
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He was head of the federal Division of Forestry under Roosevelt. However, he believed that "wilderness was waste" and that it should be developed intelligently. He was dismissed under Taft's administration for 'insubordination' when he disagreed with Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger.
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Division of Forestry
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Gifford Pinchot, under TR, was the head of this federal bureau dealing with conservation that was part of the Agriculture Department.
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Newlands Act
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This 1902 act authorized Congress to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and use it to fund irrigation projects. Settlers would pay off debt when their crops prospered from irrigation, and the money would be put back into a revolving fund.
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Christmas trees
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To set an example of conservation, TR banned these from the White House in 1902.
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Boy Scouts of America
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This group, due to its popularity with urban youth, became the country's largest youth organization.
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Call of the Wild
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City dwellers avidly read books such as this one by Jack London, and other novels about nature.
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Sierra Club
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This organization, founded in 1892, dedicated itself to preserving the wilderness of the western landscape.
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Hetch Hetchy Valley
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Conservationists lost a major battle in 1913 when the federal government allowed San Francisco to build a dam in this area for its water supply. John Muir called this area in Yosemite a "temple" of nature before it was dammed.
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multiple-use resource management
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Under TR, professional foresters and engineers developed this policy to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing all on the same land.
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Roosevelt panic
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This financial crisis of 1907 was blamed on the president. He was accused of causing instability with his policies, but he lashed back accusing big business of engineering it to force the government to stop attacking the trusts.
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panic of 1907
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This financial crisis, also called the Roosevelt panic, was short but spurred much-needed fiscal reforms. It exposed the need for a more elastic currency, and in response, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908.
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Aldrich Vreeland Act
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This 1908 act was passed in response to the panic of 1907. It authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
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(William Howard) Taft
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This man was TR's hand-picked successor to lead the progressive Republicans in the election of 1908. He was set against William Jennings Bryan in the election.
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(William Jennings) Bryan
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The already-twice-defeated Democratic nominee for the 1908 election. He ran against Taft.
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Socialist
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Eugene V. Debs amassed 420,000 votes in the 1908 election running under the banner of this political group.
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(Eugene V.) Debs
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This man, hero of the Pullman Strike of 1894, ran under the Socialist party in the 1908 election and garnered 420,000 votes.
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dollar diplomacy
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This was Taft's foreign policy, which continued TR's precedent of meddling with the financial matters of other countries. It's two major facets were: (1) using foreign policy to protect Wall Street dollars invested abroad and (2) using Wall Street dollars to uphold foreign policy.
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Nicaragua
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A revolutionary upheaval in this country nearby the Panama Canal resulted in the landing of 2500 marines in 1912.
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Standard Oil Company
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In 1911 the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of this mighty company, which was judged to be a combination in restraint of trade in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The court also, in this case, established its "rule of reason."
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rule of reason
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This was established by the Supreme Court in its 1911 case against Standard Oil. It held that only those business combinations that "unreasonably" restricted trade were illegal. This was a heavy blow to antitrust reformers.
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U.S. Steel
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Taft's suit against this company infuriated Roosevelt.
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Aldrich
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This Rhode Island senator led the senatorial reactionaries in tacking on hundreds of upward tariff revisions to the supposed tariff reform bill under Taft.
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Payne-Aldrich Bill
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Taft signed this ultimately tariff-increasing bill which left only items such as hides, sea moss, and canary-bird seed on the duty-free list. This betrayed his progressive campaign promises and angered many of his midwestern supporters.
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Bureau of Mines
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This organization was set up by Taft to control mineral resources. It rescued millions of acres from exploitation and protected water-power sites from private development. This was one of his praiseworthy accomplishments that were overshadowed by his blunders.
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(Richard) Ballinger
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Secretary of the Interior under Taft; he opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, angering Gifford Pinchot. Taft subsequently dismissed Pinchot on the dubious grounds of insubordination.
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Old Guard
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Taft was truer to this conservative faction of the Republican party than the progressive faction that he had campaigned for.
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New Nationalism
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TR spouted this political doctrine when he split the Republican party and took the progressives with him. He urged the national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses.
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(Victor L.) Berger
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This Austrian-born Socialist, was elected as a House of Reps member for Milwaukee, but was denied his seat in 1919 during a wave of anti-socialist hysteria.
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National Progressive Republican League
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Formed in 1911, this organization proffered Wisconsin's La Follette as its leading candidate for Republican nomination. However, Roosevelt was so angered by Taft's policies that he essentially broke his two-term pledge, shoved La Follette out of the way, and took the nomination.
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Sixteenth Amendment
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This constitutional amendment established a federal income tax in 1913.
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Nineteenth Amendment
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This constitutional amendment established women's suffrage in 1920.
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