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Corn or Maize

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Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.

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Portugal

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First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.

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Horse

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Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal.

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Mestizos

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Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

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St. Augustine

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Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory

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Black Legend

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Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good

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Roanoke Island, NC

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Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's.

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Joint-stock

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Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.

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Charter

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Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens.

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Indentured Servants

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Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World.

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Act of Toleration

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Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists.

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Squatters

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Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

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House of Burgesses

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First representative government in New World.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery.

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Cortes

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Conqueror of the Aztecs.

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Pizarro

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Conqueror of the Incas.

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Dias and DaGama

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Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.

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Columbus

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Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.

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Montezuma

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Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

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Elizabeth I

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Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory.

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Hiawatha

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Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation

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John Cabot

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Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498

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Georgia

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Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists.

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North Carolina

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Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".

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Smith and Rolfe

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leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time".

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Maryland

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Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.

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Lord Baltimore

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Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.

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South Carolina

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Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.

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Raleigh and Gilbert

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Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.

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Jamestown

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Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony.

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Cause: The Great Ice Age

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Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.

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Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn)

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Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America

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Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices

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Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.

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Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands

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Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade

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Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World

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Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases.

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Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases

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Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population

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Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver

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Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.

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Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl

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Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs.

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Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment

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Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico

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Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism

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Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California.

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Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada

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Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes.

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Cause: The English law of primogeniture

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Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.

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Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land

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Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere.

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Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia

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Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population.

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Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics

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Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland.

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Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony

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Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America.

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Cause: The introduction of tobacco

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Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies.

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Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia

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Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina.

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Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia

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Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line.

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Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks

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Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time.

AP US History: American Pageant Chapter 1 – Flashcards

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