AP Psychology Unit 7 – Flashcards
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Hierarchies
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Categories that concepts are sorted into
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Prototype
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A mental image or best example of a category
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Algorithms
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A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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Insight
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A sudden often novel realization of the solution o a problem
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Heuristic
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A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make and solve problems efficiently
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Representative heuristic
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Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match a particular prototype - stereotype
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Anchoring heuristic
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The tendency to accept and rely on the first piece of information received
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Base-rate fallacy
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An error in thinking; when presented with generic general info and specific info, the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter
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Framing
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The way an issue is posed
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Creativity
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas Expertise: well developed base of knowledge Imaginative thinking skills Venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation
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Phoneme
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In language, the smallest distinctive unit of sound
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Morpheme
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The smallest unit that carries meaning
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Semantics
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
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Syntax
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The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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Motherese
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Infant directed speech
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Denotoation
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Dictionary definition
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Connotation
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Emotional overtones and secondary implications
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Holographic speech
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A single word to stand for a whole sentence of meaning
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Telegraphic speech
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Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs
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MLU
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Average length of youngster's spoken statements
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Over-extension
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Incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set
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Under-extension
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Incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set
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Metalinguistic awareness
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Ability to reflect in the use of language (recognize statements have a literal and an implied meaning)
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B.F. Skinner's theory of speech
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Can explain language development with families learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement; babies learn to talk by operant conditioning
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Benjamin Whorf
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Differences among language causes differences in thoughts of their speakers (linguistic relativity hypothesis)
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Erik Lenneberg
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Everyone is born with the ability to speak, but there is a deadline for applying them (critical period)
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Noam Chomsky
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We come pre-wired with a sort of switch box; language acquisition device; innate biological predisposition to speak
