question

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

answer

experience.

question

Learning that certain events occur together is called

answer

associative learning.

question

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of

answer

classical conditioning

question

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

answer

classical conditioning

question

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

answer

operant conditioning

question

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

answer

observational learning

question

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

answer

operant conditioning

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

answer

John B. Watson

question

John B. Watson emphasized that

answer

learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

answer

classical conditioning

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

sweating in hot weather

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

answer

unconditioned response

question

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

answer

conditioned response

question

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

answer

CS

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

jerking your hand off a very hot stove

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

answer

unconditioned response

question

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)

answer

conditioned response

question

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was

answer

the sound of a tone

question

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Antonio now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Antonio's anxiety

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

answer

extinction

question

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

answer

CS; US

question

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

answer

shortly before the US

question

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

In classical conditioning, the

answer

unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

question

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred

answer

extinction

question

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

answer

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

question

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

answer

generalization

question

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

answer

generalization

question

Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

answer

generalization

question

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

answer

generalization

question

Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates

answer

shaping

question

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

answer

discrimination

question

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

answer

discrimination

question

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

answer

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

question

Which of the following describes one of Watson's contributions to the study of learning?

answer

He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new behaviors

question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

answer

generalization

question

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

answer

classical conditioning

question

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

answer

respondent behavior

question

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

answer

operant conditioning

question

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

answer

operant conditioning

question

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

answer

operant conditioning

question

Which of the following terms best describes a respondent behavior?

answer

reflexive

question

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

answer

the law of effect

question

The law of effect refers to the tendency to

answer

repeat behaviors that are rewarded

question

A Skinner box is a(n)

answer

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

question

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

answer

operant conditioning

question

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

answer

shaping

question

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

answer

successive approximations

question

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

answer

shaping

question

In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________.

answer

discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

question

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

answer

shaping

question

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)

answer

reinforcer

question

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

answer

positive reinforcer

question

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

answer

positive reinforcer

question

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

answer

negative reinforcer

question

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.

answer

negative

question

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

answer

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

question

What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?

answer

Primary reinforcers are introduced every time the behavior occurs; conditioned reinforcers are introduced only sometimes

question

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

answer

primary

question

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

answer

applause for an excellent piano recital

question

Most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed. What are these reinforcers called?

answer

immediate

question

Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called?

answer

delayed

question

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.

answer

continuous; partial

question

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

answer

partial reinforcement

question

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

answer

inserting coins into a slot machine

question

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule

answer

variable-ratio

question

A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-interval

question

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

fixed-interval

question

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-interval

question

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement

answer

fixed-interval

question

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

answer

punishment.

question

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?

answer

Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding

question

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

answer

punishment

question

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

answer

the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school.

question

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

answer

negative punishment

question

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

answer

external influences

question

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's

answer

personal freedom

question

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

answer

shaping and immediate reinforcement

question

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

answer

shaping

question

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

answer

operant conditioning

question

Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced by

answer

operant conditioning

question

Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior?

answer

Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated

question

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should

answer

monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote

question

Which of the following is an example of biofeedback?

answer

Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate.

question

The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to?

answer

facilitate the relaxation response.

question

Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called

answer

biofeedback

question

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

answer

associative learning

question

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

answer

classical conditioning

question

A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to

answer

operant conditioning

question

After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to "sit" by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate

answer

extinction

question

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

answer

biological predispositions

question

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

answer

biological predispositions

question

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

answer

survival

question

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

answer

novel tastes

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

answer

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats

question

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in

answer

red

question

Dr. Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. Dr. Kingston's emphasis best illustrates

answer

a biopsychosocial approach

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

answer

latent learning

question

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of

answer

latent learning

question

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

answer

cognitive processes

question

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

answer

insight learning

question

The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves

answer

extrinsic motivation

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

answer

cognitive processes

question

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

answer

cognitive processes

question

How does Robert Rescorla's model for classical conditioning differ from Ivan Pavlov's?

answer

Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus.

question

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

answer

learned helplessness.

question

Sasha believes that the questions on her biology tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates

answer

an external locus of control

question

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates

answer

an internal locus of control

question

Corbett refuses to take reasonable precautions to protect his health because he believes good health is just a matter of luck anyway. Corbett's attitude best illustrates

answer

an external locus of control

question

Paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. Paula's belief best illustrates

answer

an internal locus of control

question

Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with

answer

self-serving bias

question

Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following

answer

an exertion of energy

question

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in

answer

self-control

question

The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects

answer

an external locus of control

question

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

answer

an external locus of control

question

Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates

answer

an external locus of control

question

The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies

answer

an internal locus of control

question

Which of the following will most likely occur in people who have developed learned helplessness?

answer

lower morale

question

Compared with those who made a purchase choice from among 30 different brands of jam or chocolate, those who chose from among just 6 brands expressed

answer

more satisfaction with their choice

question

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

answer

modeling

question

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of

answer

modeling

question

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

observational learning

question

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

observational learning

question

Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?

answer

if the model is seen on television or in person

question

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for

answer

observational learning

question

Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?

answer

mirror neurons

question

Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

answer

imitation

question

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of

answer

mirror neuron activity

question

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

answer

observational learning

question

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning

answer

modeling

question

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll

answer

imitated the adult's actions.

question

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who

answer

modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern

question

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to

answer

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness

question

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of

answer

observational learning

question

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence

answer

is committed by children.

question

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of

answer

observational learning

question

. After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates

answer

desensitization

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