question

1. The hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that: a. psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values. b. psychological experiments are artificial. c. psychological theories and observations are merely common sense. d. psychology is potentially dangerous.

answer

C

question

2. The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as: a. invalid. b. unpredictable. c. inexplicable. d. unreplicable. e. unsurprising.

answer

E

question

3. Whether informed that research has supported the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem or informed that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research, most people would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of: a. random sampling. b. the false consensus effect. c. the hindsight bias. d. illusory correlation. e. the double-blind procedure.

answer

C

question

4. If psychologists were to find that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own, this discovery would likely seem obvious and unsurprising to college students because: a. most students have had many personal experiences in which they were attracted to people quite different from themselves. b. this finding is consistent with common sense. c. college students are themselves very eager to interact with those who are different from themselves. d. students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.

answer

D

question

5. According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates: a. the hindsight bias. b. illusory correlation. c. the false consensus effect. d. an illusion of control. e. random sampling.

answer

A

question

6. If falsely informed that they had correctly identified a homicide suspect, research participants subsequently recalled being highly confident at the time they made their identification. This best illustrates the dangers of: a. the false consensus effect. b. illusory correlation. c. an illusion of control. d. the hindsight bias.

answer

D

question

7. Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to: a. describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles. b. predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results. c. explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results. d. conduct their own experiments. e. develop their own theories.

answer

B

question

8. Our estimates of the accuracy of our own everyday judgments best demonstrate: a. the placebo effect. b. illusory correlation. c. overconfidence. d. the false consensus effect.

answer

C

question

9. When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates: a. illusory correlation. b. the false consensus effect. c. random assignment. d. wording effects. e. overconfidence.

answer

E

question

10. As people prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates: a. overconfidence. b. illusory correlation. c. the false consensus effect. d. critical thinking.

answer

A

question

11. Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates: a. overconfidence. b. the hindsight bias. c. the false consensus effect. d. negative correlation. e. illusory correlation.

answer

A

question

12. When Moses encouraged the testing of whether a prophet's predictions actually proved true, he best illustrated the appropriateness of: a. skeptical inquiry. b. overconfidence. c. the placebo effect. d. the false consensus effect. e. random sampling.

answer

A

question

13. As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that: a. people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking. b. most common sense ideas about human behavior are wrong. c. ideas about human behavior need to be objectively tested. d. all the above are true.

answer

C

question

14. Those who approach the study of psychology with an attitude of curious skepticism are especially likely to: a. perceive illusory correlations. b. ignore disconfirming evidence. c. question the validity of research findings. d. demonstrate overconfidence. e. dismiss the value of replication.

answer

C

question

15. When psychologists insist that "the rat is always right," they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of: a. humility. b. respect for animals. c. ecological sensitivity. d. enthusiasm for animal research studies.

answer

A

question

16. Critical thinkers can best be described as: a. questioning. b. cynical. c. overconfident. d. pessimistic. e. impatient.

answer

A

question

17. A willingness to question others' assumptions is to ________ as a willingness to question our own preconceptions is to ________. a. the survey; naturalistic observation b. skepticism; humility c. overconfidence; hindsight bias d. experimentation; replication

answer

B

question

18. An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations is called a(n): a. experiment. b. hypothesis. c. theory. d. survey.

answer

c

question

19. According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self esteem. His idea is an example of: a. naturalistic observation. b. illusory correlation. c. hindsight bias. d. the false consensus effect. e. a theory.

answer

E

question

20. Compared to nonscientific theories, the unique feature of scientific theories is that they: a. provide explanations. b. guide observations. c. generate testable hypotheses. d. are never disconfirmed.

answer

C

question

21. Hypotheses are best described as: a. assumptions. b. replications. c. explanations. d. confirmations. e. predictions.

answer

E

question

22. A specification of how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n): a. control condition. b. replication. c. operational definition. d. hypothesis.

answer

C

question

23. In reporting the impact of alcohol consumption on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n): a. experimental hypothesis. b. standard deviation. c. double-blind procedure. d. operational definition.

answer

D

question

24. Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate: a. replication. b. illusory correlation. c. hindsight bias. d. the false consensus effect.

answer

A

question

25. Replication involves: a. the selection of random samples. b. perceiving order in random events. c. repeating an earlier research study. d. rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. e. overestimating the extent to which others share our views.

answer

C

question

26. In order to verify a new scientific discovery, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in the process of: a. naturalistic observation. b. random sampling. c. replication. d. positive correlation. e. hypothesis generation.

answer

C

question

27. On the basis of his own research, Professor Bolden claims that eating an apple every day helps improve children's reading skills. How might he best offer further support for this claim? a. replication b. naturalistic observation c. random sampling d. correlational research

answer

A

question

28. In order to gain further understanding of how brain malfunctions influence behavior, Dr. Mosher extensively and carefully observed and questioned two stroke victims. Which research method did Dr. Mosher employ? a. random sampling b. the survey c. the case study d. experimentation

answer

c

question

29. Which research method did Sigmund Freud use extensively in the process of developing his well known theory of personality? a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. the case study d. experimentation

answer

c

question

30. Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of: a. hindsight bias. b. the false consensus effect. c. random assignment. d. false generalization.

answer

d

question

31. After helping two psychotherapy clients deal with the loss of their jobs, Dr. Price began to grossly overestimate the national rate of unemployment. In this instance, Dr. Price should be warned of the limits of: a. surveys. b. case studies. c. correlational evidence. d. the hindsight bias.

answer

B

question

32. The survey is a research method in which: a. individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments. b. a representative sample of individuals are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors. c. an individual is studied in great detail. d. an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other.

answer

B

question

33. Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political preferences and the economic status of North Americans? a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. experimentation d. the case study

answer

A

question

34. A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of: a. an illusion of control. b. the hindsight bias. c. the false consensus effect. d. sampling errors. e. wording effects.

answer

e

question

35. The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to: a. perceive a relationship where none exists. b. generalize from extreme cases. c. reject ideas that can't be scientifically tested. d. exaggerate the extent to which others agree with us. e. ignore disconfirming evidence.

answer

D

question

36. Because Julie thinks very highly of herself, she assumes that she is well regarded by most of her acquaintances. This conclusion best illustrates: a. the false consensus effect. b. the hindsight bias. c. the placebo effect. d. an illusion of control.

answer

A

question

37. Christine, who is opposed to capital punishment, was extremely surprised to learn that the results of a survey indicated that the vast majority of the population approved of capital punishment. Christine's surprise best illustrates the power of: a. the false consensus effect. b. the placebo effect. c. random assignment. d. the double-blind procedure. e. the hindsight bias.

answer

A

question

38. The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n): a. control condition. b. population. c. case study. d. independent variable. e. survey.

answer

B

question

39. In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete an attitude questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n): a. independent variable. b. representative sample. c. control condition. d. dependent variable. e. population.

answer

E

question

40. A random sample of a large group is one in which: a. the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance. b. every member in the group has an equal chance of being included. c. personality differences among research participants are practically nonexistent. d. all the above are true.

answer

B

question

41. Whic!h procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? a. random assignment b. replication c. correlation d. naturalistic observation e. random sampling

answer

E

question

42. In order to generalize accurately, it is important to observe a ________ sample of cases. a. diverse b. homogeneous c. self-selected d. representative e. memorable

answer

d

question

43. After she was painfully deceived by her boyfriend, Mary concluded that men just can't be trusted. In this instance, Mary ought to remind herself that reasonable generalizations depend on: a. observing representative samples. b. recognizing that others may not share our opinions. c. distinguishing causation from mere correlation. d. realizing that random events may not look random.

answer

a

question

44. Mrs. Blair concludes that boys do not read as well as girls because the vast majority of students in her remedial reading classes are boys. Mrs. Blair's conclusion best illustrates the danger of: a. the hindsight bias. b. generalizing from select cases. c. confusing correlation with causation. d. the false consensus effect.

answer

B

question

45. According to Shere Hite's highly publicized research, 70 percent of women married five years or more reported having extramarital affairs. Her survey results were misleading because she failed to use a technique known as: a. random sampling. b. replication. c. the double-blind procedure. d. naturalistic observation. e. statistical inference.

answer

A

question

46. In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rubin carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rubin employ? a. naturalistic observation b. replication c. the survey d. the case study e. experimentation

answer

A

question

47. Naturalistic observation is most useful for: a. describing behaviors. b. predicting attitudes. c. explaining complex behavior patterns. d. uncovering cause-effect relationships.

answer

a

question

48. Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer? a. survey research b. naturalistic observation c. experimentation d. the double-blind procedure

answer

B

question

49. A statistical measure that indicates how well one factor predicts a second factor is called a(n): a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. survey. d. correlation coefficient. e. replication.

answer

d

question

50. Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which level of physical attractiveness can be used to predict frequency of dating? a. standard deviation b. mean c. medium d. correlation coefficient e. range

answer

D

question

51. In order to assess the extent to which mortality rates increase as people age, researchers would be likely to employ: a. case study research. b. correlational research. c. experimental research. d. all the above.

answer

b

question

52. A scatterplot graphically depicts the: a. standard deviation of a distribution of scores. b. arithmetic average of a distribution of scores. c. total population from which samples may be drawn. d. degree of relationship between two variables.

answer

D

question

53. A researcher would be most likely to discover a negative correlation between: a. body height and body weight. b. self esteem and depression. c. education and personal wealth. d. intelligence and academic success.

answer

B

question

54. If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from lower left to upper right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are: a. normally distributed. b. positively correlated. c. negatively correlated. d. not correlated.

answer

B

question

55. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are: a. causally related. b. positively correlated. c. independent variables. d. dependent variables. e. negatively correlated.

answer

B

question

56. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the: a. difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. b. average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean. c. direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. d. statistical significance of a difference between two sample means. e. frequency of scores at each level of some measure.

answer

C

question

57. A correlation coefficient can range in value from: a. 0 to 100. b. 0 to 1.00. c. 1 to 99. d. -1.00 to +1.00.

answer

D

question

58. A correlation between self esteem and annual income of -.75 would indicate that: a. lower levels of self esteem are associated with lower levels of annual income. b. higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of self esteem. c. it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of self esteem levels. d. self esteem has no causal influence on annual income.

answer

b

question

59. Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education? a. +.05 b. -.01 c. +.10 d. +.50 e. -.001

answer

D

question

60. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? a. +.10 b. -.67 c. .00 d. -.10 e. +.59

answer

b

question

61. If those with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions because: a. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. b. events often seem more probable in hindsight. c. correlation does not prove causation. d. random sequences often don't look random.

answer

c

question

62. Mr. Brown has gathered evidence showing that the weight of grade school students correlates positively with reading skill. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that body weight enhances reading ability, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that: a. events often seem more probable in hindsight. b. random sequences of events often don't look random. c. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. d. correlation does not prove causation. e. the tendency to seek confirming information promotes illusory correlations.

answer

D

question

63. If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than do wealthy people, this would indicate that: a. poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior. b. some of the same factors that lead to poverty also contribute to aggressiveness. c. people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated. d. all the above are true.

answer

C

question

64. A positive correlation between self esteem and academic success would indicate that: a. a positive self concept contributes to academic success. b. academic success contributes to a favorable self image. c. those with high self esteem are more academically successful than those with low self esteem. d. all the above are true.

answer

C

question

65. The perception of a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist is called: a. the hindsight bias. b. the false consensus effect. c. an illusion of control. d. illusory correlation. e. confirmation bias.

answer

D

question

66. The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates: a. an illusory correlation. b. an illusion of control. c. the hindsight bias. d. the false consensus effect. e. random sampling.

answer

A

question

67. The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to: a. the false consensus effect. b. the hindsight bias. c. the placebo effect. d. an illusory correlation.

answer

D

question

68. Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Sheryl is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Sheryl's belief best illustrates: a. the illusion of control. b. illusory correlation. c. the hindsight bias. d. the false consensus effect. e. random sampling.

answer

B

question

69. If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely? a. H H H T T T b. H T T H T H c. H H H H H H d. All the above would be equally likely.

answer

D

question

70. Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of: a. randomly sampling their life experiences. b. attributing their similarities to chance. c. perceiving order in random events. d. assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests.

answer

C

question

71. The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was forty-six years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake," and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of: a. explaining events in hindsight. b. randomly sampling biblical passages. c. generalizing from extreme examples. d. assuming that most people share your opinions. e. perceiving order in coincidental events.

answer

E

question

72. The fact that the very same individual won the New Jersey lottery on two separate occasions best illustrates: a. the laws of statistical probability. b. an illusion of control. c. the false consensus effect. d. illusory correlation.

answer

A

question

73. People tend to ________ the extent to which professional basketball players' successful shots are made in succession. a. radically underestimate b. slightly underestimate c. accurately estimate d. overestimate

answer

D

question

74. Mutual fund investors who are tempted to move their assets to the top-performing funds of the previous year should be reminded of the dangers of: a. naturalistic observation. b. random sampling. c. the false consensus effect. d. illusory correlation.

answer

d

question

75. Incorrectly interpreting correlation as evidence of causation is best avoided by making use of: a. the experiment. b. survey research. c. the case study. d. naturalistic observation.

answer

A

question

76. Which of the following research strategies would provide the most effective way of demonstrating that the observation of violence on television causes children to act aggressively? a. the experiment b. naturalistic observation c. the survey d. the case study

answer

A

question

77. Experimentation is more useful than correlational measures for testing the claim that: a. children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive. b. people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers. c. people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by consumption of alcohol. d. people who consume excessive amounts of coffee experience higher than normal levels of anxiety.

answer

c

question

78. Correlation is to ________ as experimentation is to ________. a. cause; effect b. prediction; explanation c. the hindsight bias; false consensus d. random assignment; random sampling e. dependent variable; independent variable

answer

B

question

79. Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve: a. randomly selecting participants. b. manipulating the factors of interest. c. studying observable behaviors. d. all the above.

answer

b

question

80. The experiment is a research method in which: a. a random sample of individuals are questioned regarding their opinions and behaviors. b. individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment. c. an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior. d. an individual is studied in great detail.

answer

C

question

81. In order to test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste sensitivity test. This research is an example of: a. correlational research. b. an experiment. c. survey research. d. a case study. e. naturalistic observation.

answer

B

question

82. In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a: a. random sample. b. case study. c. false consensus. d. replication. e. placebo.

answer

e

question

83. In order to minimize the placebo effect, researchers are likely to make use of: a. a scatterplot. b. the double-blind procedure. c. random sampling. d. standard deviations.

answer

B

question

84. The double-blind procedure is most likely to be utilized in ________ research. a. survey b. case study c. correlational d. experimental

answer

D

question

85. Ali has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether or not the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of: a. naturalistic observation. b. random sampling. c. the double blind procedure. d. replication. e. the false consensus effect.

answer

c

question

86. In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, subjects who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. a. dependent variable b. correlational c. experimental d. naturalistic observation e. control

answer

E

question

87. In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n): a. dependent variable. b. random sample. c. independent variable. d. control condition. e. experimental condition.

answer

d

question

88. Research participants consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the decaffeinated drinks were exposed to the ________ condition. a. survey b. experimental c. correlational d. control

answer

D

question

89. In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke free or smoke infested environment. Monkeys in the smoke infested environment were exposed to the _______ condition. a. correlational b. survey c. control d. experimental

answer

D

question

90. Random assignment is most likely to be utilized in ________ research. a. survey b. case study c. correlational d. experimental

answer

d

question

91. In order to minimize any preexisting differences between participants who are in different conditions of an experiment, psychologists make use of: a. random assignment. b. replication. c. random sampling. d. correlation.

answer

a

question

92. In order to study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use: a. the case study. b. correlational measurement. c. naturalistic observation. d. replication. e. random assignment.

answer

E

question

93. Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________. a. correlational studies; case studies b. surveys; experiments c. illusory correlation; false consensus d. replication; correlation e. description; prediction

answer

B

question

94. In a psychological experiment, researchers are interested in studying the potential effects of the ________ variable. a. dependent b. control c. independent d. behavioral

answer

c

question

95. Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of: a. correlations. b. random sampling. c. replication. d. external validity. e. independent variables.

answer

e

question

96. In order to study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21 year old men who were first assigned to drink a beverage with either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol in the laboratory. In this study, the independent variable consisted of: a. the age of the research participants. b. the physical coordination skills of the research participants. c. the amount of alcohol consumed. d. the effects of alcohol consumption. e. all the above.

answer

C

question

97. The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor: a. that is directly manipulated by the investigator. b. that may be influenced by the experimental treatment. c. whose effect is being studied. d. that causes the behavior being studied

answer

B

question

98. In an experimental study of the effects of sleep deprivation on memory, memory would be the: a. control condition. b. independent variable. c. experimental condition. d. dependent variable.

answer

d

question

99. Some participants in a subliminal persuasion experiment thought that they were receiving subliminal affirmations of their self-esteem when in reality they were receiving subliminal memory-enhancement instructions. These individuals subsequently demonstrated: a. an actual improvement in their memory. b. an erroneous belief that their memory had improved. c. an actual enhancement in self-esteem. d. an erroneous belief that their self-esteem had improved.

answer

D

question

100. The percentage of college students whose grade point averages fall into various performance categories could be represented in a: a. standard deviation. b. bar graph. c. scatterplot. d. correlation coefficient.

answer

B

question

101. The mode, median, and mean are measures of: a. central tendency. b. variation. c. correlation. d. statistical significance.

answer

A

question

102. The mode of a distribution of scores is the: a. score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores. b. most frequently occurring score. c. arithmetic average of all the scores. d. difference between the highest and lowest scores.

answer

B

question

103. Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is: a. $9. b. $10. c. $11. d. $12. e. $13.

answer

E

question

104. The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the: a. mode. b. median. c. standard deviation. d. mean. e. range.

answer

D

question

105. The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the: a. mode. b. mean. c. normal distribution. d. median. e. standard deviation.

answer

B

question

106. During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was: a. 1. b. 5. c. 7. d. 8. e. 10.

answer

C

question

107. In any distribution of scores, an equal number of scores are both greater than and less than: a. the mode. b. the mean. c. the median. d. all the above.

answer

C

question

108. Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is: a. 3. b. 6. c. 7. d. 8. e. 9.

answer

C

question

109. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores? a. median b. range c. mode d. standard deviation e. mean

answer

E

question

110. The mode, median, and mean are most likely to have different values when they: a. describe a skewed distribution. b. are derived from a limited range of scores. c. represent the central tendency of a random sample. d. represent the central tendency of an entire population.

answer

a

question

111. In order to understand the British newspaper headline "Income for 62% Is Below Average," it is necessary to appreciate the distinction between the ________ and the mean. a. range b. standard deviation c. mode d. normal distribution e. median

answer

E

question

112. Seven members of a girls' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of raffle tickets: $5, $9, $4, $11, $6, $4, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the median is ________ the mean and ________ the mode. a. greater than; greater than b. less than; less than c. equal to; equal to d. greater than; less than e. less than; greater than

answer

e

question

113. Seven members of a 4H club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cakes: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the mean is ________ the mode and ________ the median. a. equal to; equal to b. greater than; greater than c. equal to; less than d. greater than; equal to e. less than; less than

answer

b

question

114. For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean? a. 16, 28, 4, 8, 24 b. 9, 6, 9, 12, 9 c. 8, 9, 12, 10, 16 d. 6, 18, 4, 5, 2 e. 3, 4, 3, 4, 2

answer

d

question

115. Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________. a. range; median b. frequency distribution; percentile rank c. mode; mean d. scatterplot; bar graph e. correlation; scatterplot

answer

a

question

116. Standard deviation is to mean as ________ is to ________. a. median; mode b. variation; central tendency c. scatterplot; bar graph d. correlation; scatterplot e. normal distribution; percentile rank

answer

b

question

117. Which of the following provides a rough indication of the degree of variation among a set of scores? a. correlation coefficient b. scatterplot c. range d. median e. percentile rank

answer

c

question

118. The range is: a. a total population from which samples may be drawn. b. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. c. the most commonly used measure of variation. d. the average deviation of scores from the mean. e. the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores.

answer

b

question

119. The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is: a. 6. b. 14. c. 36. d. 48. e. 100.

answer

C

question

120. Two students in an art class are at least 20 years older than the others. Which measure of variation of class members' ages is most affected by the ages of these two students? a. mean b. standard deviation c. mode d. median e. range

answer

E

question

121. The standard deviation is a measure of: a. central tendency. b. variation. c. statistical significance. d. correlation.

answer

b

question

122. Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the: a. test was given to a very small class of students. b. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge. c. mean test score was lower than the median score. d. students generally performed very well on the test. e. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.

answer

E

question

123. In order to calculate the value of the standard deviation, it would be most reasonable to first compute the value of the: a. mean. b. range. c. correlation coefficient. d. median.

answer

A

question

124. After his property was vandalized by a small group of teenagers, Mr. Mahmood concluded that most teenagers are irresponsible and delinquent. Mr. Mahmood ought to be reminded that accurate generalizations depend on: a. a realization that random events may not look random. b. an awareness of the false consensus effect. c. the observation of representative samples. d. the selection of samples from a normally distributed population.

answer

C

question

125. One can most accurately estimate a population mean if a sample is ________ in size and ________ in variability. a. large; low b. small; high c. large; high d. small; low

answer

A

question

126. Faustin, a member of his college's golf team, has an opportunity to play against a nationally acclaimed professional golfer. How many holes of golf should Faustin choose to play with the professional in order to maximize his own slim chances of winning? a. 9 b. 18 c. 27 d. 36 e. 72

answer

a

question

127. If half the students at Quincy College have blue eyes, which of the following events is most probable? a. In a Quincy College class consisting of 15 students, 12 or more have blue eyes. b. In a Quincy College class consisting of 30 students, 24 or more have blue eyes. c. In a Quincy College class consisting of 45 students, 36 or more have blue eyes. d. All the above are equally probable.

answer

a

question

128. As the size of a sample ________, the size of the standard deviation is most likely to ________. a. increases; increase b. increases; decrease c. decreases; remain the same d. increases or decreases; remain the same

answer

B

question

129. A random sample of females was observed to exhibit a lower average level of self esteem than a random sample of males. In order to assess the likelihood that this observed difference reflects a real difference in the average self esteem of the total population of males and females, it is necessary to: a. construct a scatterplot. b. calculate a correlation coefficient. c. plot the distribution of self esteem levels among all males and females. d. conduct a test of statistical significance. e. do all the above.

answer

d

question

130. An observed difference between two sample groups is more likely to be statistically significant if: a. the observed difference is small. b. the sample groups are small. c. the standard deviations of the sample groups are small. d. any of the above are true.

answer

C

question

131. Psychology experiments are typically designed to: a. test and evaluate theoretical principles. b. observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory. c. re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors. d. do all the above.

answer

A

question

132. Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences. a. negative correlations b. common psychological processes c. gender differences d. unconscious preferences e. genetic dissimilarities

answer

B

question

133. Psychologists report that there are gender differences in our risk of: a. alcoholism. b. depression. c. eating disorders. d. all the above.

answer

d

question

134. Psychologists study animals because: a. animal behavior is easier to control than human behavior. b. animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology is. c. it is ethically more acceptable to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans. d. all of the above are true.

answer

D

question

135. Scientists who defend the use of animals in experimental research typically claim that: a. the well being of humans should be placed above the well being of animals. b. competent scientists have no justifiable reason to inflict pain on animals. c. animals should be used only in research that directly benefits the animals involved. d. allegations that pain is sometimes inflicted on animals are simply untrue.

answer

A

question

136. Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment in order to prevent them from: a. worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience. b. realizing that their privacy is being violated. c. deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment. d. trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions.

answer

D

question

137. Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge psychological investigators to: a. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypothesis they will be helping the psychologist to test. b. avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings. c. ensure that research participants give informed consent to participating in the research. d. do all the above.

answer

C

question

138. The personal values of psychologists are likely to influence their choice of: a. topics of investigation. b. research methods. c. explanatory theories. d. all the above.

answer

d

question

139. Postmodernism is most likely to emphasize that human knowledge is: a. socially constructed. b. scientifically objective. c. biologically determined. d. psychologically meaningless.

answer

A

question

140. Postmodernism is most likely to question the possibility of: a. naturalistic observation. b. social consensus. c. critical thinking. d. scientific objectivity.

answer

D

question

141. The most accurate indicator of public attitudes toward capital punishment in the United States is provided by: a. the number of states that have passed legislation in support of capital punishment. b. the actual decisions made by jurors in capital punishment cases. c. newspaper editorial responses to capital punishment issues. d. public opinion survey findings.

answer

D

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