Ap Psychology Test 1 Test Flashcards
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The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to ________.
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Forsee an outcome
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What can a psychologists' personal values and goals do to an experiment or research?
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
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Hindsight Bias
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Testing predictions using the observational method of science, psychologists use what?
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Empirical Approach
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Critical thinking involves what?
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Examining assumptions, discerning hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions.
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Established the first psychological laboratory.
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William Wundt
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School of psychology that attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind.
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Structuralism
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What was William James primarily concerned with?
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Structuralism
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Why do psychologists select a random sample?
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Surveys
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The methods of research.
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1.) Descriptive 2.) Correlational 3.) Experimental
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Observes and records behavior.
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Descriptive
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Detects naturally occurring relationships.
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Correlational
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Explores causes and effects.
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Experimental
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
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Hypothesis
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An observation technique in which one person studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
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Case Study
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A questioning attitude regarding assumptions and hidden values best illustrates what?
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Critical thinking
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The biggest danger of relying on case study evidence?
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May be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
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What does a survey help research?
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attitudes and behaviors
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What did Ivan Pavlov pioneer the study of?
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Where William James was from.
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NY, US
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Where Sigmund Freud was from.
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Freiberg, Austria.
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The study of the brain activity linked with cognition.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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What a counseling psychologist help with.
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Assisting people with problems in living and in achieving a greater well being.
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What did Martin Seligman call for the development of?
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Which perspective will examine how group membership influence individuals?
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Social Cultural
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Which perspective highlights how people encode, process, and store information?
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Cognitive
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What does a biopsychosocial approach include?
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What does a biopyschosocial approach require the use of?
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Multiple levels of analysis.
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A simple strategy for improving memory after traumatic brain injury.
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Retrieval Practice
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What does the ethics code urge investigators to do?
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Explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.
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As the representative sample increases, what will decrease?
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Standard Deviation
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B.F. Skinner was a prominent American ________?
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behaviorist
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Emphasizes humanability, growth, potential, and free will. Also mental thoughts and process as a root of our behavior. (positive side of human nature).
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Humanistic Psychologists
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What Titchner studied.
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Functionalism
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The first woman to receive a phD.
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Finds the source of our actions in the environmental stimuli, rather than in inner mental processes.
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Behavioral Perspective
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Looks at physical and operation of our brains influence our personality, preferences, behavior patters, and abilities.
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Biological Perspective
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Emphasizes humanability, growth, potential, free will, mental thoughts, and process of our behavior. (Positive side).
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Humanistic Perspective
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Sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptions or survival and reproduction. (Survival of the fittest).
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Emphasizes the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective.
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Social Cultural
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What did Edward Titchener use introspection to identify?
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Elements of sensory experience.
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Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when technique was used by different people?
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What is the 1st major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers?
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ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.
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Why could there be a major statistically significant difference between 2 groups?
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What do contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on to study human behavior?
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Science
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5-step reading and study method that provides a systematic approach to reading, and suggest that you write down a set of questions first and then read actively with the aim of answering those questions.
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The SQ3R method
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Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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Clinical Psychology
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Random Outcome
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Measures of central tendency.
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Mean, Median, and Mode.
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Procedure used to define research variables.
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Operational Definition
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Computed measure of how much scores very around the mean.
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Standard Deviation
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The outcome factor, may change.
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Dependent Variable
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Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.
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Normal Curve
