question

Wilhelm Wundt

answer

1. Introduced structuralism (Bell experiment) 2. Set up the first psychological laboratory

question

Introspection

answer

study of the mind by looking into oneself

question

structuralism

answer

identifying components of the mind: combined subjective emotions and objective sensations (Wundt) "the whole is equal to the sum of the parts"

question

Freud

answer

Personality theorist who created psychoanalysis

question

Psychoanalytic Theory

answer

Focus on past childhood experience, repressed memories, and study of the unconscious mind (Freud)

question

Behaviorism

answer

Focus on stimuli and response-study only observable behavior (Watson)

question

Humanistic Perspective

answer

Emphasized the human capacity for free-will and individual choice (Rogers & Maslow)

question

Evolutionary Perspective

answer

Examines how behaviors help a species survive from on generation to the next, focus on natural selection

question

Biopsychology

answer

Explains human thought in terms of the relationship between biology and psychology

question

Social-Cultural

answer

behavior varies by culture

question

Pavlov

answer

Behaviorist-Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

question

Watson

answer

Behaviorist-In his Little Albert Experiment he conditioned Albert to fear white rat by associating it with loud noises

question

Skinner

answer

Behaviorist-Proposed theory of operant conditioning with skinner box experiment, reinforcing rats behavior with rewards or punishments

question

Independent Variable

answer

Changed by experimenter-what is being controlled

question

Dependent Variable

answer

Changed by independent variable

question

Operational definition

answer

Defining how something is measured in an experiment: help to easily replicate

question

Target Population

answer

Demographic experimenter wants to study

question

Representative Sample

answer

Group that resembles target population

question

Stratified Sample

answer

Takes specific criteria (race, gender, %) into account

question

Matched pairs

answer

Similar people for different conditions of a study

question

Experimenter bias

answer

when experimenter treats people differently because of his/her expected results

question

Double blind

answer

Neither experimenter nor subject knows which group subject is in

question

Single blind

answer

Subject does not know which group (control or experimental) they are in

question

Demand characteristics

answer

Cues that subject picks up on and uses in order to respond appropriately

question

Placebo effect

answer

Taking a drug that has no pharmacological effects produces similar results as the real medication

question

Positive Correlation

answer

A direct relationship in which both variables are increasing or both are decreasing

question

Negative Correlation

answer

An inverse relationship in which one variable increases and the other decreases or vice versa

question

Survey Method

answer

Easy to distriubute to large population and inexpensive, but can't control who sends it back, and has other confounding variables

question

Naturalistic Observation

answer

Has high ecological validity (acts normally in natural habitat) but can't control variables and therefore does not show cause and effect

question

Case studies

answer

Follows in detail one person or a group of people with a rare condition

question

Hindsight bias

answer

Tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known, that you would have foreseen it (Also "I-Knew-It-All-Along Phenomenon)

question

Applied research

answer

Solving a problem

question

Basic research

answer

Just because

question

Validity

answer

Measures what experiment is supposed to

question

Reliability

answer

Same result every time

question

Random assignment

answer

Equal chance of anyone in sample population to be placed in either control or experimental group

question

Random selection

answer

Randomly gathering a representative sample for a study by identifying a population and randomly selecting people from that population

question

Social desirability effect

answer

Tendenecy to give the politically correct answer

question

Hawthorne effect

answer

Merely observing an experiment changes its outcome

question

Debriefing

answer

Any information withheld from subject prior to or during experimentation must be reveled

question

IRB

answer

Review board for ethical standards

question

Descriptive statistics

answer

Describes a set of data

question

Inferential statistics

answer

Applying data to the larger population

question

Histogram

answer

bar graph

question

Frequency Polygon

answer

line graph

question

Measures of central tendency (3)

answer

Mean-add all points, divide by # of points Median-middle # Mode-most frequent

question

Outliers

answer

Numbers that are much greater or much less than the other numbers in the set

question

Positive Skew

answer

when the outlier is higher than than the bulk of the data

question

Negative Skew

answer

when the outlier is lower than the bulk of the data

question

Range

answer

Largest # minus Smallest #

question

Standard deviation

answer

How far a score is from the mean Square root of variant

question

Z-score

answer

How far a score is from the mean in standard deviants (score - mean) / standard deviant

question

Describe the normal curve and percentages

answer

Bulge is in middle-median score is 100. 1st rectangle= .1% 2nd rectangle=2% 3rd rectangle=14% 4th rectangle=34%

question

Line of best fit/regression line

answer

Line that goes through the majority of data points to create a correlation out of a scatter plot

question

Correlational coefficient

answer

Strong positive correlation: +1.0 Strong negative correlation: -1.0 No correlation: 0

question

Sampling error

answer

Extent to which a sample differs from the population

question

p-value

answer

Determines statistical significance: want number to .05 or lower

question

Null hypothesis

answer

Opposite of hypothesis being tested

question

Type 1 error

answer

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

question

Type 2 error

answer

Accepting null hypothesis when you should have rejected it

question

All or nothing principle

answer

Once action potential reaches threshold, either fires or doesn't

question

Axon

answer

Wire-like structure extending from cell body that transmits messages

question

Dendrite

answer

Roots coming from cell body that allows entrance of messages from other cells

question

Myelin sheath

answer

fatty tissue that speeds up transmission of messages

question

Terminal button

answer

Branched end of axon that contains neurotransmitters

question

Synaptic gap

answer

Space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrites of another

question

Refractory period

answer

time between action potential transmittions

question

Receptor site

answer

Where neurotransmitters bind

question

Inhibitory

answer

Keeps next cell from firing

question

Excitatory

answer

Causes next cell to fire

question

Acetylcholine

answer

Involved in arousal, attention, memory and controls muscle contractions Lack of=Alzheimer's

question

Dopamine

answer

Involved in mood, sensations of pleasure, control of movemnet Lack of=Parkinson's High levels=Schizophrenia

question

Endorphins

answer

Pain control, associated with addictions, natural opium

question

Serotonin

answer

Involved in mood, sleep, and appitite Lack of=Clinical depression

question

SAME acronym

answer

Sensory/afferent Motor/efferent

question

Central nervous system

answer

The brain and spinal cord Encased in bone

question

Peripheral nervous system

answer

Transmits info to and from central nervous system Not encased in bone

question

Autonomic

answer

automatic body functions: regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, digestion

question

Somatic

answer

Voluntary movements

question

Sympathetic

answer

Arouses and alerts for "fight or flight" response

question

Parasympathetic

answer

Calms to maintain homeostasis

question

Spinal reflex

answer

Reaction occurs before signal reaches brain Sensory neuron to spine to motor neuron

question

Lesions

answer

Area of abnormal tissue due to removal or injury

question

EEG

answer

detects brain waves used in sleep studies

question

CAT scan

answer

creates detailed 3D picture of brain structure

question

MRI

answer

shows density and structure only, not function no x-ray

question

fMRI

answer

Shows function of active brain through magnetism of oxygen-depleted areas

question

PET scan

answer

Active brain scan using radioactive sugar (glucose) to show most active areas during a task

question

Hindbrain

answer

Includes medulla, pons, and cerebellum Life support system

question

Medulla

answer

Controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

question

Pons

answer

Controls facial expressions Plays role in sleeping, waking, and dreaming

question

Cerebellum

answer

"Little brain" coordinates habitual muscle movement for stabilization and precision

question

Midbrain

answer

Includes reticular formation Coordinates movemnet with sensory information

question

Reticular formation

answer

Group of cells with ability to focus attention

question

Forebrain

answer

Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and limbic system Controls thought and reason

question

Thalamus

answer

Receives sensory signals and directs them to appropriate areas of the brain

question

Hypothalamus

answer

Controls biological rhythms 4Fs-Fight or flight, food, Fahrenheit, fortification

question

Amygdala

answer

Involved in fear and anger responses

question

Hippocampus

answer

Processes and sends memories to other parts of the brain

question

Limbic system

answer

Deals with emotion and memory

question

Cerebral Cortex

answer

Surface of brain (gray matter)

question

Left hemisphere

answer

Language, logic, science and math, analytic thougt

question

Right hemisphere

answer

Spacial, visual, creativity, intuition, art and music

question

Lateralization

answer

specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations

question

corpus callosum

answer

Bundle of nerves that connect the two hemispheres

question

Frontal lobe

answer

thought processes

question

Broca's area

answer

controls muscles involved in producing speech

question

Motor cortex

answer

Controls voluntary movements-top of body controlled by bottom neurons of cortex

question

Parietal lobes

answer

Behind frontal lobe

question

Sensory cortex

answer

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body

question

Occipital lobes

answer

Back of brain-interprets messages from our eyes

question

Visual cortex

answer

Impulses from retinas sent here to be interpreted

question

Temporal lobes

answer

Process sound sensed by ears

question

Auditory cortex

answer

interprets sound in both hemispheres

question

Wernicke's Area

answer

interprets written and spoken speech

question

Placticity

answer

Parts of the brain are flexible and adapt to preform needed functions`

question

Endocrine system

answer

system of glands that secrete hormones controlled by hypothalamus

question

Adrenal glands

answer

Produces adrenaline, triggered by sympathetic nervous system. Also releases cordesol, epinephrin, norepinephrine when under stress

question

Pituitary gland

answer

When stimulated by thalamus, it releases hormones that in turn cause other glands to release hormones. Also controls body growth

question

Monozygotic twins

answer

identical twins

question

Down syndrome

answer

Extra chromosome on 21st pair Retardation and physical characteristics such as slanted eyes, shorter fingers and toes

question

Klinefelter's syndrome

answer

Extra X chromosome in men (XXY) Minimal sexual development

question

Turner syndrome

answer

One X chromosome in female Webbed necks, sterile, bloated hands and feet

question

Sensation

answer

Activation of senses (physical)

question

Perception

answer

Process of understanding (mind's interpretation)

question

Transduction

answer

Signals transform into neural impulses

question

Cocktail party effect

answer

Brain can only concentrate on one conversation at a time

question

Sensory adaptation

answer

Decreased response to stimuli after repeated exposure

question

Pupil

answer

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters

question

Iris

answer

Colored muscle that contracts or relaxes to allow more or less light into the retina

question

Cornea

answer

the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

question

Lens

answer

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

question

Retina

answer

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that begins to process visual information

question

Optic nerve

answer

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

question

Blind spot

answer

the point where the optic nerve enters the retina

question

Feature detectors

answer

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

question

Occipital lobe

answer

Vision

question

Rods

answer

Black and white receptors scattered throughout the retina that help us see in the dark

question

Cones

answer

Color receptors concentrated in the back of the retina

question

Fovea

answer

an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all

question

Trichromatic theory

answer

3 colors-blue, red, and green-in the retina mix to create all other colors Doesn't explain after image

question

Opponent process theory

answer

Receptor cells exist in pairs, and one is stimulated while the other is inhibited. Doesn't explain dichromatic color blindness

question

After image

answer

After starring at an image one sees the opposite color

question

Di-chromatic color blindness

answer

Can't see either red/green or blue/yellow. Common in males

question

Monochromatic color blindness

answer

Can only see in shades of gray. Very rare

question

Wavelength/frequency (for vision) effects..

answer

Color/Hue

question

Amplitude (for vision) effects...

answer

Brightness

question

Frequency (for hearing) effects...

answer

Pitch

question

Amplitude (for hearing) effects...

answer

Loudness

question

Eardrum

answer

tightly stretched membrane located at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when struck by sound waves

question

Cochlea

answer

a coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

question

Organ of Corti

answer

Organ located in the cochlea that contains hair cells that receive vibrations and generate nerve impulses for hearing

question

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

answer

Tiny bones in the inner ear that conduct sound vibration from eardrum to cochlea

question

Place theory

answer

Pitch corresponds to hair cell location

question

Frequency theory

answer

Rate of wavelength of sound is mirrored by hair cells

question

Conduction deafness

answer

Something is wrong with eardrum, bone or other structure that conducts sound. Fixable.

question

Nerve deafness

answer

Hair cells damaged by loud sounds. Not fixable.

question

Gate theory

answer

The spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pains signals or allows them to pass

question

Olfactory bulb

answer

smell receptors

question

Vestibular sense

answer

Body orientation (head)

question

Kinesthetic sense

answer

Position of specific body parts in space

question

Absolute threshold

answer

Smallest amount of stimuli detected 50% of the time

question

Just noticeable difference

answer

Smallest amount of change before detectable 50% of the time

question

Weber's law

answer

Detectable change depends on strength of stimuli

question

Oflaction

answer

smell

question

Gustation

answer

taste

question

Signal detection theory

answer

What we perceive among competing stimuli

question

Top-down processing

answer

Using prior knowledge to figure something out

question

Bottom-up processing

answer

Using only what is given to figure something out

question

Perceptual set

answer

Expectation to perceive something based on prior experience

question

Gestalt rules

answer

A set of rules that describe when elements in an image will appear to group together

question

Figure-ground

answer

Illustrates how some stimuli can cause more than one perception-figure is object, ground is surrounding

question

Proximity

answer

Nearby figures are grouped together

question

Similarity

answer

Similar figures are grouped together

question

Continuity

answer

We perceive smooth, continuous patterns

question

Closure

answer

We perceive whole objects by filling in gaps

question

Size, shape, and brightness constancy

answer

Although object looks different, we know it is the same object

question

Depth cues

answer

perceptual features that impart information about distance and three dimensional space

question

Visual cliff experiment

answer

Eleanor Gibson-Babies wouldn't crawl onto glass showed that humans have an innate depth perception

question

Monocular cues

answer

depth cues available to only one eye

question

Linear perspective

answer

Parallel lines are perceived as converging with distance. More convergence=greater distance

question

Relative size

answer

If two objects are the same size, the one with the smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away

question

Interposition

answer

If an object blocks another object, the one blocking the other is seen as closer

question

Texture gradient

answer

Objects far away seem blurry and objects closer are more detailed

question

Shadowing

answer

Dimmer objects are perceived as farther away

question

Binocular cues

answer

depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes include retinal disparity and convergence

question

Retinal disparity

answer

The difference between our two eyes' images

question

Convergence

answer

Seeing depth through angle of convergence-when object is close, eye turns inward

question

Muller-Lyer Illusion (Cultural effects)

answer

Only Western cultures are tricked by the arrows into seeing one line as shorter than the other because the rectangularly constructed world makes them perceive corners as turning inward, and as being inside buildings

question

Conscious

answer

Information about yourself and your environment that you are currently aware of

question

Non-conscious

answer

Body processes controlled by the mind that we are usually unaware of

question

Preconscious

answer

Information about yourself and your environment that you are not thinking about, but could be

question

Subconscious

answer

Information we are not consciously aware of

question

Unconscious

answer

Unacceptable thoughts repressed into this level of consciousness

question

circadian rhythm

answer

a cycle that takes about a day to complete ex: sleep-wake cycle

question

Alpha waves

answer

Seen when body is preparing for sleep-slow, showing relaxed state

question

Stage 1 of sleep cycle

answer

5 minutes Slowed breathing, irregular brain waves, hallucinations, sensation of falling or floating

question

Stage 2 of sleep cycle

answer

20 minutes More relaxed than stage 1 Periodic appearance of sleep spindles Sleep talking

question

Stage 3

answer

A few minutes-transitional stage between 2 and 4 Brain emits delta waves (slow and large) Auditory cortex still responds to sounds

question

Stage 4

answer

30 minutes Brain emits delta waves Harder to wake

question

REM/Paradoxical sleep

answer

10 minutes Ascending from deep sleep Quick, saw-toothed brain waves, heart rate rises, breathing irregular, eyes dart, genital arousal

question

Sleep Spindles

answer

short bursts of brain wave activity

question

Insomnia

answer

Most common sleep disorder Problems getting to sleep and staying asleep Treatment: constant sleep pattern, avoiding stimulants

question

Narcolepsy

answer

Periods of intense sleepiness, falling into REM sleep at unpredictable times

question

Sleep apnea

answer

People stop breathing while asleep, and wake themselves up. Common in overweight men.

question

Night terrors

answer

Mostly in children. Person sits up or walks around, talks gibberish, or heart and breathing rates double

question

Latent content

answer

according to Freud, the hidden meaning of a dream

question

Manifest content

answer

literal meaning of a dream

question

Activation synthesis theory

answer

Brain tries to make sense of random neural impulses while we sleep

question

Information processing theory

answer

Dreams integrate information from the day to memory. Stress increases number and intensity of dreams

question

Post-hypnotic suggestion

answer

Statements given to someone while under hypnosis that the person acts on when in a full waking state.

question

Post-hypnotic amnesia

answer

Inability to recall events or information obtained while in a hypnotic state

question

Role theory

answer

Hypnotized person is playing a role, and is not in a different state of consciousness

question

State theory

answer

Hypnosis IS an altered state of consciousness

question

Dissociation theory

answer

During hypnosis there is a split in consciousness

question

Hilgard/Hidden Observer

answer

Ice bath experiment-people asked to rate amount of pain they are in. While hypnotized, rate it as low, but some part of mind is aware of pain/part of the brain aware of surroundings

question

Agonist

answer

Mimics neurotransmitters, therefore causing action potential (Excites)

question

Antagonist

answer

Blocks neurotransmitters, therefore keeping neuron from firing (Inhibits)

question

Tolerance

answer

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

question

Withdrawal

answer

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

question

Stimulants

answer

Speed up body processes, create sense of euphora ex: Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, ecstasy, amphetamines

question

Depressants

answer

Slow down the body processes ex: Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers

question

Hallucinogens

answer

Distorion in perception of reality: cause hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies ex: LSD, marijuana, peyote

question

Opiates

answer

Powerful pain killers and mood elevatiors: cause drowsiness and euphoria, pupils constrict and breathing slows ex: Opium, morphine, heroin

question

Fluid intelligence

answer

Ability to learn new things and solve problems

question

Crystallized intelligence

answer

Accumulated knowledge

question

Stanford Binet IQ

answer

first important IQ test in the english language mental age/chronological age x 100 worked for children but not for adults

question

Spearman's "g"

answer

General intelligence: if skilled in one area, skilled in others as well. Idea that skills cluster

question

Gardner's multiple intelligences

answer

Visual/spatial, verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmic Based on savants and people with brain damage

question

EQ

answer

Emotional intelligence (Daniel Goleman)-the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

question

WAIS

answer

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale Gives clues to cognitive strengths

question

Normal distribution

answer

Average score is 100. Standard deviation is 15.

question

Heritability

answer

Ranges from .5 to .8

question

Flynn effect

answer

Intelligence test performance has improved over time (new generation smarter than old one?)

question

Three-box/Information Processing Model

answer

Sensory information encoded to short-term and then encoded to long-term. In each stage there is information lost because not encoded.

question

Levels of Processing model

answer

Memories are either deeply or shallowly processes

question

Sensory Memory

answer

Split second holding space for sensory information from body. Most information is not encoded.

question

George Sperling

answer

Tested recall time by flashing rows of numbers and saw if participants could immediately recall the numbers

question

Iconic Memory

answer

Perfect but temporary-images

question

Echoic Memory

answer

Perfect but temporary-sound

question

Short Term Memory

answer

Events encoded as visual, acoustic, or semantic (sense of meaning) codes. Holds up to seven pieces of info, plus or minus two

question

Chunking

answer

Info in groups helps short term retain more information

question

Mnemonic devices

answer

strategies to help remember things

question

Rehearsal

answer

repetition holds information in short term

question

Long Term Memory

answer

Unlimited

question

Episodic

answer

Event

question

Semantic

answer

Facts

question

Procedural

answer

Skills

question

Implicit memories

answer

Unintentional memories we might not even realize we have

question

Explicit memories

answer

Events and memories we actively try to remember

question

Eidetic memory

answer

photographic memory, very powerful and enduring memories, rare

question

Recognition

answer

Matching current event or fact with one already in memory

question

Recall

answer

Retrieving a memory with external cue

question

Serial position effect

answer

Recall of a list is affected by the order

question

Primacy

answer

one is more likely to remember items at the beginning of a list

question

Recency

answer

one is more likely to remember items at the end of a list

question

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

answer

temporary inability to remember information

question

Semantic memory network

answer

Our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning with already existing memory

question

Flashbulb memories

answer

We encode the information surrounding an important event

question

state congruent memories

answer

Recall encoded memories when in a particular state of conciousness

question

mood congruent memories

answer

More likely to recall encoded memories when in same mood that one was in when memory was encoded

question

context congruent memories

answer

Recall encoded memories when in similar context as when memory was first encoded

question

Retroactive interference

answer

New information interferes with older information

question

Proactive interference

answer

Older information interferes with new information

question

Anterograde amnesia

answer

Can't encode new memories. Damage to hippocampus.

question

Retrograde amnesia

answer

Can't remember past events. Retrieval failure.

question

Long-term potentiation

answer

Neurons can strengthen their connections with repeated use

question

Phonemes

answer

smallest unit of sound

question

Morphemes

answer

smallest unit of meaningful sound (prefixes)

question

Syntax

answer

Grammar of a language (placement of verb in sentence)

question

Overgenenralization

answer

Misapplication of grammar

question

Language acquisition device

answer

Humans are born with the ability to learn languagle rapidly as kids-Noam Chomsky

question

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

answer

Language we use might control or limit our thought

question

Prototype

answer

what we think is the most typical example of a concept

question

Algorithm

answer

methodical problem solving that ensures an answer

question

Heuristic

answer

A shortcut to problem solving

question

Representative heuristic

answer

Judgement based on how similar something is to our prototype

question

Availability heuristic

answer

Judgement based on how a similar situation that comes to mind readily

question

Mental set

answer

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

question

Functional fixedness

answer

inability to see a new use for an object

question

Framing

answer

The way a problem or question is presented

question

Belief bias

answer

illogical conclusion to confirm belief

question

Belief perseverance

answer

One maintains his/or belief even after being proven wrong

question

Confirmation bias

answer

Looking for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignoring evidence we find untrue

question

Convergent thinking

answer

Thinking pointed at one solution

question

Divergent thinking

answer

Search for multiple answers to a question (creativity)

question

Nature v. Nurture debate

answer

Whether human behavior, cognition, etc. is more impacted by genes or the environment

question

Cross-sectional study

answer

comparing people of different ages

question

Longitudinal study

answer

research of one group that takes place over a long period of time

question

Teratogens

answer

Chemicals, agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

question

Fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

drinking during pregnancy can cause malformed skulls and retardation

question

Rooting

answer

touch cheek, baby turns head

question

Sucking

answer

Object placed in babies mouth,suck

question

Grasping

answer

Object placed on hand or foot, baby tries to grasp it

question

Moro

answer

when scared, baby flings arms out

question

Babinski

answer

when foot stroked, toes fan out

question

Hearing at birth

answer

Hearing is dominant sense, fully developed

question

Sight at birth

answer

Babies born with bad vision, gets better

question

Attachment

answer

relationship between parent and child

question

Harry Harlow

answer

Wire mother with food v. soft mother without food. Baby monkeys preferred the cloth mother-physical comfort more important than sustenance

question

Mary Ainsworth

answer

Strange situation study-placed baby in new environment, recorded behavior when mother was taken away and then came back

question

Secure attachment

answer

child explores confidently, is distressed when parent leaves

question

Avoidant

answer

attachment style in which they seek little contact with their caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves

question

Anxious ambivalent

answer

stress when left but resists comfort

question

Authoritative

answer

set rules that are reasonable and explained

question

Authoritarian

answer

set strict standards with harsh punishment

question

Permissive

answer

No clear guildlines

question

Psychosexual stages (Freud)

answer

Oral-babies put things in mouths Anal-during toilet training Phallic-realize gender, family conflict arises Latency-period of calm between 6 and puberty Genital-after puberty, focus on sexual pleasure

question

Oedipus complex

answer

Boys resent father's relationship with mom

question

Electra complex

answer

Girls resent mom's relationship with dad

question

Psychosocial stages (Erikson)

answer

Trust v. Mistrust, Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt, Industry v. Inferiority, Identity v. Role confusion, Intimacy v. isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation, Integrity v. Despair

question

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

answer

Sensorimotor-explores through the senses, gains object permanence Preoperational-can't see other people's point of view (egocentrism) Concrete operational-concept of conservation, logical thinking Formal operational-adult reasoning develops, abstract thinking, metacognition (thinking about thinking)

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Moral Development (Kohlberg)

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Preconventional: young children focus on how their actions will effect themselves Conventional: Base decision on how others will view them, follow standards Post conventional: Moral reasoning for the good of society, uphold justice Criticisms: assumes boys and girls react the same, bias toward Western culture

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Decremental model of aging

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idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age

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Agism

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Discrimination based on age

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Classical conditioning

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a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

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Pavlov

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Behaviorist who found that dogs learned to link sound with food, and then their response to food was seen when just exposed to the sound.

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Watson

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Behaviorist who did the little Albert Study, conditioning a child to fear a white rat.

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UCS

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unconditioned stimuli ex: food

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UCR

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unconditioned response ex: salivation

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NS

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neutral stimuli ex: bell

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CS

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conditioned stimuli ex: bell

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CR

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conditioned response ex: salivation

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trace conditioning

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CS presented, pause, then UCS presented

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simultaneous conditioning

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CS and UCS presented at the same time (simultaneously)

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Backwards conditioning

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UCS presented, pause, then CS presented Most ineffective

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Delayed conditioning

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CS presented, then UCS presented while CS is still there

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Extinction

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Unlearning a behavior-CS no longer produces CR

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Spontaneous recovery

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reappearance of CR after extinguished

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Generalization

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CR occurs to things similar to CS

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Discrimination

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Ability to differentiate between the CS and similar stimuli

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Higher order conditioning

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After CS and CR are paired, use that CS as a UCS to condition a response to a new stimuli. ex: One dog salivates with bell, bell is paired with light so dog salivates with light

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Premack principle

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Preffered activity used to reinforce a non-preffered activity

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Garcia Effect

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Rats develop aversion to stimuli through taste-evolutionary predisposition

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Operant conditioning

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kind of learning based on the association of consequences with one's behaviors

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Law of Effect

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Proposed by Edward Thorndike-if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the behavior will increase. Unpleasant=weakened and decrease

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Skinner box

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Contraption that delivers food to an animal and a lever to press in order to get the food.

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Positive reinforcement

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addition of something pleasant in order to make a behavior more likely to occur ex: Giving a student money for good grades, more likely to keep getting good grades

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Negative reinforcement

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removal of something unpleasant in order to make a behavior more likely to occur ex: Annoying beeping sound when not buckled=more likely to wear seat belt

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Positive punishment

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addition of something unpleasant to make a behavior less likely ex: spanking a kid after throwing a tantrum makes tantrums less likely

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Negative punishment

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removal of something pleasant to make a behavior less likely ex: taking away TV because a kid was late, less likely to break curfew again

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Omission training

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Another name for negative punishment-removal of something pleasant

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Shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Chaining

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Subject taught to perform a number of responses successfully in order to get a reward

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primary reinforcer

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Things whose natural properties are reinforcing in and of themselves-food, water, rest

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secondary reinforcer

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Things we have learned to value-praise, chance to play a game

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generalized reinforcer

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a special kind of secondary reinforcer, can be traded for virtually anything-money

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token economy

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Desired behavior is rewarded with a token. Periodically allowed to trade tokens for other reinforcers. Used in prisons, mental institutions, and schools

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Continuous reinforcement

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Rewarding the behavior each time Best for learning new things

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Partial reinforcement

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Rewarding the behavior only some of the time Best for resistance to extinction

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FI

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Fixed interval: on set amount of time

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FR

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Fixed ratio: on set schedule in relation to an action

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VI

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Variable interval: on certain amount of time, action engaged

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VR

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Variable ratio: on varied number of responses

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Instinctive drift

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tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

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Observational learning

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learning by observing others

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Bandura & Bobo dolls

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showed how suceptable children are to observational learning and modeling off of adults-watch adult beat up Bobo doll, when left alone, children beat up Bobo doll

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latent learning

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learning that happens without a reward, but is more easily seen when an incentive is introduced

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abstract learning

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Having a mental concept, not just recognizing a picture

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insight learning

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Solution found not from trial and error but a sudden realization (Kohler)

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motivation

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A need or desire that directs and energizes behavior toward a goal

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instinct

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unlearned behavior that is the same for all individuals in a species

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Drive Reduction Theory

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A physiological need creates a drive that gets a person or animal to satisfy that need ex: Need for water creates a drive (thirst) to find something to drink

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Arousal theory

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The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal

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Incentive theory

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A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Most basic needs must be met in order to pursue other needs: 1st-physiological (food, water) 2nd-safety (organization, stability) 3rd-need to give and receive love (belong) 4th-self-esteem (respected by others) 5th-self-actualization (live up to full potential)

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

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Optimum level of arousal varies by task-moderate arousal yields best performance, but easy tasks are enhanced by high arousal while hard tasks are hampered by high arousal

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Opponent process theory

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the experience of one strong emotion will elicit the opposite emotion in order to reset the person's psychological state towards its norm

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lateral hypothalamus

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when stimulated, causes animal to eat if destroyed, animal will not eat

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ventromedial hypothalamus

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when stimulated, causes animal to stop eating if destroyed, animal will eat

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Set point theory

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The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

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Anorexia nervosa

answer

Eating disorder in which one starves him or herself below 85 % of normal body weight and refuses to eat due to obsession with weight. Majority women

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Bulimia

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Eating disorder in which one eats large amounts of food in a short period of time and then gets rid of the food by vomiting, excessive excersize, or laxatives. Obsessed with food and their weight. Majority women

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Intrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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Extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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overjustification

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The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation

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Theory X management

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belief that employees work only for rewards or to avoid punishments

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Theory Y management

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belief that employees are intrinsically motivated to do good work

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Approach-approach conflict

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Deciding between two desirable outcomes

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict

answer

Deciding between two unattractive outcomes

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Approach-avoidance conflict

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One event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features (pros and cons)

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Multiple approach avoidance conflicts

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Choosing between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features

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James-Lange

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We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress

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Cannon-Bard

answer

Biological change and cognitive awareness of emotion occur simultaneously

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Two factor theory

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Both our physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause an emotional response

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Display rules

answer

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations

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Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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alarm reaction-activation of sympathetic nervous system resistance-hormones are released to maintain the state of readiness exhaustion-parasympathetic nervous system returns our body to normal, more vulnerable to disease

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Social Readjustment Scale (SRRS)

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Holmes and Rahe-scores important life events and changes according to their psychological impact. Higher scores indicate higher risk of stress-related illnesses

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Learned helplessness

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condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

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Type A Personality

answer

easily angered, competitive; higher risk for heart disease

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Type B Personality

answer

More relaxed, easy-going

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Freud and personality

answer

Set at an early age

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Id

answer

Instincts propelled by pleasure principle (immediate gratification)

question

Ego

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Follows reality principle which negotiates between the desires and environmental limitations. Conscious and unconscious

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Superego

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Sense of conscience (right from wrong); our ideals. Conscious and unconscious

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Defense Mechanism

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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

question

Repression

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blocking thoughts from conscious awareness

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Denial

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Not accepting the truth

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Displacement

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redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object

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Projection

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one's own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else

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Reaction Formation

answer

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

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Regression

answer

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

question

Rationalization

answer

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

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Sublimation

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channeling frustration toward a different goal

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Eros

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the life instincts

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Thanatos

answer

the death instincts

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Neo-Freudians

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followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories

question

Critics of Freud say...

answer

His theories are impossible to verify Have little predictive power Overestimate the importance of childhood and sex

question

Karen Horney

answer

Femanist - came up with womb envy, in which she asserted that men are jealous of women's reproductive capabilities

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Carl Jung

answer

Personal unconscious has painful or threatening memories Collective unconscious contains archetypes (universal concepts)

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Adler

answer

Focused on conscious role of ego. People are motivated by fear of failure (inferiority complex) and desire to achieve

question

Big Five (OCEAN)

answer

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism/emotional stability

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Factor analysis

answer

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

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Somatotype (Sheldon)

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Biological theory of personality: Endomorphs-fat-friendly and outgoing Mesmorphs-muscular-confident and assertive Ectomorphs-thin-shy and secretive

question

Introvert

answer

a person who tends to shrink from social contacts and to become preoccupied with their own thoughts

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Extrovert

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a person concerned more with practical realities than with inner thoughts and feelings

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Cardinal disposition (Alport)

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Personality so influenced by one trait that it effects everything

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Social-cognitive

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mix between behavior and cognition

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Reciprocal Determinism

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How a person's traits interact with their environment which interacts with their behavior

question

Self efficacy

answer

people with high efficacy are optimistic about their abilities to get things done

question

Internal locus of control

answer

one feels responsible for what happens to oneself

question

External locus of control

answer

one feels like other forces control one's destiny

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Humanistic approach

answer

focus on free will in shaping personality

question

Rogers

answer

Humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and coined the term "unconditional positive regard"

question

Projective tests

answer

ask people to interpret ambiguous stimuli

question

Rorschach

answer

ink blots, subjective

question

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

answer

Asked to explain situation

question

Self report inventories

answer

questionnaires

question

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

answer

clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

question

Lie scales

answer

Questions with universal answers, added to questionnaires to try to detect when people are not being honest

question

Barnum Effect

answer

People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

question

Reliability

answer

Results are consistent and similar every time, even if hey are not accurate

question

Validity

answer

Measures what it is supposed to measure; accurate

question

Criteria for determining abnormal behavior

answer

1. maladaptive (harmful to person) 2. disturbing to others 3. Unusual (different from culture to culture) 4. Irrational

question

Insane

answer

legal term to determine who can be held responsible for a crime

question

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

answer

a multi-axial manual used for the classification, definition and description of mental health disorders

question

Phobia

answer

intense unwarranted fear of a situation or object

question

Agrophobia

answer

fear of open, public spaces

question

Generalized anxiety disorder

answer

constant, low-level anxiety; constant nervousness

question

Panic disorder

answer

acute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation

question

OCD

answer

Persisstant unwanted thoughts (obsession) cause someone to feel the need to act (compulsion)

question

PTSD

answer

Flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in extremely troubling events

question

Somatoform disorder

answer

manifests psychological problems through a physiological problem

question

Hypochondriasis

answer

Physical complaints that don't seem to have a cause ex: interpret headaches as sever disease

question

Conversion disorder

answer

report the existence of a severe physical problem with no cause

question

Fuge

answer

Have psychogenic amnesia but wind up in a new environment

question

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

answer

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder

question

Psychogenic amnesia

answer

loss of all or part of memory; does not have a physical cause

question

Mood disorders

answer

extreme or inappropriate emotions

question

Major depressive disorder

answer

a person experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

question

S.A.D.

answer

in the winter when there is less sunlight people become depressed

question

Dysthymia

answer

a low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years

question

Bipolar

answer

involves both depression and manic episodes

question

Beck's cognitive triad

answer

cognitive view on depression, negative ways of thinking about their experiences, themselves and their futures cause depression

question

Schizophrenia

answer

any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact

question

Positive symptoms

answer

excessive behavior or thoughts such as hallucinations

question

Negative symptoms

answer

Lack of emotion, apathy, speech

question

Hallucinations

answer

perception in the absence of any sensory stimulation

question

Delusions of grandeur/persecution

answer

belief that you have more power and people are out to get you

question

Catatonic

answer

a form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not move

question

Undifferentiated

answer

Exhibit disordered thinking but no symptoms of one of the other types

question

Waxy Flexibility

answer

when catatonics are suddenly motionless and can be moved and hold different positions

question

Dopamine hypothesis

answer

high levels of dopamine associated with schizophrenia

question

Diathesis stress model

answer

environment stressors explain why identical twins don't always both develop it

question

Double-blind

answer

when someone is given contradictory messages

question

Personality Disorders

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

Dependent

answer

relay too much on the attention of others

question

Paranoid

answer

feel persecuted

question

Narcissistic

answer

view self as center of the universe

question

Obsessive compulsive

answer

obsession with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

question

Histrionic

answer

overly dramatic

question

Paraphilia

answer

a sexual disorder in which the person's preferred method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable

question

Autism

answer

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

question

ADHD

answer

a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders

question

Rosenhan study

answer

study in which colleagues were admitted into separate mental hospitals after telling each they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were labeled as abnormal

question

Trephining

answer

letting harmful spirits escape by making holes in the skull

question

Deinstitutionalization

answer

Releasing people from mental institutions after antipsychotic drugs were developed

question

Somatic treatments

answer

biological drugs

question

Psychoanalytic therapy

answer

Freud-view cause of problem as unconscious conflict

question

Free association

answer

say whatever comes to mind without thinking

question

Resistance

answer

an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness

question

Transference

answer

patient transfers feelings to therapist

question

Roger's client centered therapy

answer

help clients take responsibility for themselves; unconditional positive regard; non-directive

question

Gestalt therapy

answer

encouraged to get in touch with whole self

question

Existential therapy

answer

support clients to visualize worthwhile lives

question

Counterconditioning

answer

unpleasant thing associated with pleasant thing

question

Systematic desensitization

answer

replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation

question

Anxiety hierarchy

answer

Lists least frightening to most frightening events, imagines least then most paired with relaxed state

question

Flooding

answer

Addresses most frightening scenario first

question

Aversive conditioning

answer

Associate unwanted scenario with unpleasant stimuli. ex: Alcohol and vomiting to break alcoholism

question

Attributional style

answer

Thinking about oneself in a negative way that is internal, global, and perminent

question

Ellis's REBT

answer

sow client that failure is unlikely and if it did occur it wouldn't be a big deal

question

Group therapies

answer

Meet others with same problem

question

Antipsychotics

answer

block receptor sites for dopamine Thorazine, Haldol

question

Antidepressants (SSRI's)

answer

increase serotonin activity Prozac, MAO

question

Antianxiety

answer

barbiturates and benzodiaphrines Miltown, Xanax, Valium

question

Lithium

answer

treats manic stage of bipolar disorder

question

ECT

answer

electroconvulsive therapy-brief seizure causes change in brain blood flow that treats depression

question

Psychosurgery

answer

rarely used; bad effects changes brain to alter behavior

question

Clinical therapist

answer

Ph.D and internship

question

Counseling psychologist

answer

Graduate degree, handles less severe problems

question

Psychiatrist

answer

Medical degree, can prescribe medication

question

Psychoanalyst

answer

Trained in Freudian methods

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