AP Psychology Prologue/ Chapter 1
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Wilhelm Wundt
answer
The first man of psychology. Started it in 1879 when conducted experiment about hearing and being aware of it.
question
Structuralism
answer
Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
question
Functionalism
answer
school of psychology.how our mental and behavioral processes function --how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. counsciouness serves a function.
question
Edward Bradford Titchener
answer
Edward Bradford Titchener aiemd to discover the structural elements of the mind through introspection. He introduced structuralism.
question
Introspection
answer
Self-reflection, looking inward.
question
Charles Darwin
answer
evolutionary theorist
question
William James
answer
Harvard psychology professor. Impish, outgoing, joyous. Admitted first female student.
question
Mary Calkins
answer
First female student in psychology, earning first female PhD. in psychology.
question
Ivan Pavlov
answer
pioneered the study of learning.
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
developed an influential theory of personality.
question
Jean Piaget
answer
influential observer of children
question
Psychology
answer
the science of behavior and mental processes
question
Behaviorists
answer
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
question
Humanistic Psychology
answer
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
question
Abraham Maslow
answer
developed the Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Was a humanistic psychologist, emphasized the imporance of current environment influences on our growth potential, and the importandce of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
question
Carl Rogers
answer
Humanistic psychologist.
question
Behavior
answer
How an animal or human acts
question
cognitive neuroscience
answer
interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition: perception, thinking, memory, and language.
question
nature-nuture-issue
answer
controversy of relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
question
natural selection
answer
principle that inherited traits will most likely pass on to succeeding generations if contributing to reproduction and survival.
question
levels of analysis
answer
different complementary views (biological, psychological, social-cultural,...) for analyzing phenomenons.
question
biopsychosocial approach
answer
intergrated approach incorporating the biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
question
neuroscience
answer
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
question
evolutionary
answer
how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes
question
behavir genetics
answer
how much our gens and our environment influence our individual differences
question
psychodynamic
answer
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
question
behavioral
answer
how we learn observable responses
question
cognitive
answer
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
question
social-cultural
answer
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
question
applied research
answer
scientific study aiming to solve practical problems.
question
counseling psychologists
answer
branch that assists people with problems in livin and in achieving greater well-being.
question
clinical psychologists
answer
branch that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
question
psychiatry
answer
branch of MEDICINE dealing with psychological disorders. provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
question
basic research
answer
pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge base
question
hindsight bias
answer
I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon. tendency to believe one would have forseen something AFTER learning the outcome
question
scientific attitude
answer
curiosity, skepticism, humility.
question
critical thinking
answer
smart thinking examines assupmtions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
question
theory
answer
explains by integrated set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior or events.
question
hypothesis
answer
testable predicions. An idea we can test.
question
operational definition
answer
statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
question
replicate
answer
repeating the essence of research study with different participants in different situations.
question
scientific method
answer
self-correcting process for asking questions and ovserving nature's answers
question
case study
answer
examines one individual in depth to reveal truths about all.
question
survey
answer
examines many cases with less depth. asks people to report behavior or opinion.
question
random sampling
answer
everyone in entire group has equal chance of participation.
question
population
answer
all cases of a group being studied
question
naturalistic observations
answer
observing behavior in natural environment without control or manipulation of the environment
question
correlate
answer
measure of the extent to which two factors vary with each other. helps in predictions
question
correlational coefficient
answer
Correlation does not prove causation. statistical measure of relationship between two variables.
question
scatterplots
answer
cluster of dots with each dot representing valueds of two variables.
question
illusory correlation
answer
a perceived but non-existent correlation between two variables.
question
experiment
answer
research method where researcher manipulates variables to observe effect.
question
random assignment
answer
*Different from random sampling. assigning participants to experimental/control group by chance.
question
double-blind procedure
answer
experimental procedure in which both the research participants and research staff are ignorant to whether the participants are receiving the treatment or placebo.
question
placebo effect
answer
experimental result caused by expectations alones. effect on behavior caused by inert substance, which participant assumes is active agent.
question
experimental group
answer
group exposed to treatment, a version of independent variable in an experiment.
question
control group
answer
group not exposed to treatment. serves as a comparison for evaluation of treatment.
question
independent variable
answer
variable being manipulated. Variable whose effect is being studied
question
dependent variable
answer
the outcome. Variable that can change due to manipulation of independent variable.
question
BE SKEPTICAL
answer
Think smart
question
mode
answer
a measure of central tendency. the most frequently occurring score/scores
question
median
answer
measure of central tendency. the midpoint, 50th percentile. Half above and half below.
question
mean
answer
measure of central tendency. arithmetic average. The sum of all scores divided by number of scores.
question
range
answer
measure of variation. gap between lowest and highest score.
question
standard deviation
answer
measure of variation. how scores vary around the mean.
question
normal curve
answer
symmetrical bell-shaped curve. 68-95-99.5 for one-two-three standard deviations away from the mean.
question
Reliable observed difference
answer
1. Representative samples 2. Less-variable observations. 3.more cases, larger sample
question
statistical significance
answer
statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
question
culture
answer
shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next. It shapes our behavior.
question
SQ3R
answer
Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
question
Ethics in Psychology
answer
rules of conduct recognized as appropriate to psychology and way of life to protect the wellbeing of participants of psychological research.
