AP Psychology memory study guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Loftus
answer
Studies why people have false memories
question
Ebbinghaus
answer
Came up with the retention and forgetting curves
question
Whorf
answer
Came up with the idea that language determines the way we think
question
Chomsky
answer
Stated that we learn language too quickly or it to be through reinforcement and punishment- language is inborn
question
Kim Peek
answer
Man who memorizes facts and numbers but cannot problem solve
question
Atkinson-Shiffrin
answer
Came up with model of how memories develop:
question
Encoding
answer
The process of getting information into memory
question
Storage
answer
Retaining information over time
question
Retrieval
answer
Getting information out of storage
question
Sensory
answer
Information is stored for fractions of a second
question
Short-term
answer
System for storing information for brief periods of time
question
Working memory
answer
Similar to short term memory- temporarily using and storing information
question
Long term
answer
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
question
Automatic processing
answer
Capturing information with no conscious effort
question
Effortful processing
answer
Working hard to learn new material by paying attention and using deliberate encoding strategies
question
Rehearsal
answer
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
question
Spacing effect
answer
Studying at times and then taking a break in between and going back
question
Serial position effect
answer
We most easily remember the first and last items in a list or the beginning and end of an event
question
Visual encoding
answer
Focusing on images (ex. Aids effortful processing if we can
question
Acoustic encoding
answer
Focusing on sounds (ex. A memorable rhyme)
question
Semantic encoding
answer
Focus on meaning
question
Imagery
answer
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing
question
Mnemonics
answer
Memory aids to help remember something; vivid imagery and organizational devices
question
Chunking
answer
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
question
Iconic memory
answer
Type of sensory memory- lasts about 0.5 seconds long and is received by the eyes
question
Echoic memory
answer
Type of short term memory- lasts about 3-4 seconds long and is received through the ears
question
Long term potentiation
answer
The chemical enhancement of neural communication
question
Flashbulb memory
answer
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
question
Amnesia
answer
The loss of memory
question
Implicit memory
answer
Type of long term memory without conscious recall
question
Explicit memory
answer
Type of long term memory with conscious recall- memory of facts and experiences
question
Recall
answer
retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information.
question
Recognition
answer
Identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in some manner in memory
question
Relearning
answer
Learning something that has already been committed to memory in the past
question
Priming
answer
People respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it
question
Déjà vu
answer
Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
question
State dependent /Mood congruent
answer
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's state/ mood
question
Proactive interference
answer
Knowledge acquired earlier interferes with new information
question
Retroactive interference
answer
New obtained knowledge interferes with previously learned material
question
Repression
answer
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
question
False memory
answer
a person recalls a memory that did not actually occur
question
Misinformation effect
answer
While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent
question
Source amnesia
answer
Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined
question
Anterograde amnesia
answer
Inability to form new long term memories
question
Retrograde amnesia
answer
Inability to recall memories from the past
question
Concept
answer
A mental grouping of similar things, events, and people that is used to understand and remember what things are
question
Prototype
answer
Basic idea: what you expect and anticipate (is different based on experience) to fit a category
question
Confirmation bias
answer
Search for information that confirms one's perceptions
question
Algorithm
answer
A methodical, logical, rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
question
Heuristics
answer
Strategy used to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
question
Representative heuristics
answer
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype (stereotype)
question
Functional fixedness
answer
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
question
Fixation
answer
Getting stuck in one way of thinking
question
Mental set
answer
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
question
Overconfidence
answer
The tendency to be more confident than correct
question
Framing
answer
The way a problem is presented can effect the way we view it
question
Phoneme
answer
The smallest units of sound in a language (syllables)
question
Morpheme
answer
The smallest unit of meaningful sound (can be words like "a" or "but" or prefixes)
question
Grammar
answer
The rules of a language
question
Syntax
answer
The order of words in a language
question
Linguistic determinism
answer
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
