Question 1

The first psychological laboratory was established by

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

Accepted Answer

William James

Question 3

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

Accepted Answer

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Question 4

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________.

Accepted Answer

childhood experiences and unconscious though processes; current environmental influences on potential

Question 5

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

the hindsight bias

Question 6

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by

Accepted Answer

operational definitions

Question 7

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

operational definition

Question 8

In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.\'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.\'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation?

Accepted Answer

case study

Question 9

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

Accepted Answer

naturalistic observation

Question 10

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

Accepted Answer

negatively correlated

Question 11

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

Accepted Answer

-0.12

Question 12

A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

Accepted Answer

experiment

Question 13

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

Accepted Answer

random assignment

Question 14

In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a(n)

Accepted Answer

placebo

Question 15

Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group\'s entertainment expenditures is

Accepted Answer

$13

Question 16

In the hypothesis \"Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,\" what is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

# of terms remembered

Question 17

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that \"classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.\" Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that \"classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.\" These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

wording effects

Question 18

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

Accepted Answer

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Question 19

The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called

Accepted Answer

synapses

Question 20

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)

Accepted Answer

action potential

Question 21

Reuptake refers to the

Accepted Answer

reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.

Question 22

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye?

Accepted Answer

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina

Question 23

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called

Accepted Answer

rods and cones

Question 24

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory.

Accepted Answer

Young-Helmholtz

Question 25

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by

Accepted Answer

hair cells

Question 26

Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause

Accepted Answer

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 27

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

Accepted Answer

joints, tendons, bones, and ear.

Question 28

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the

Accepted Answer

spinal cord

Question 29

The sense of smell is known as

Accepted Answer

olfaction

Question 30

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychologists

Question 31

The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the

Accepted Answer

axon

Question 32

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the

Accepted Answer

medulla

Question 33

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?

Accepted Answer

reticular formation

Question 34

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?

Accepted Answer

thalamus

Question 35

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat\'s

Accepted Answer

Amygdala

Question 36

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.

Accepted Answer

seeing; hearing

Question 37

The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.

Accepted Answer

sensing touch; seeing

Question 38

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

Accepted Answer

Wernicke\'s area

Question 39

Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.

Accepted Answer

corpus callosum

Question 40

When people discuss the \"nature vs. nurture\" controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

biology; environment

Question 41

As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates

Accepted Answer

sensation

Question 42

As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates

Accepted Answer

perception

Question 43

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

Accepted Answer

sensation; perception

Question 44

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn\'t perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

selective attention.

Question 45

ESP refers to

Accepted Answer

perception that occurs apart form sensory input

Question 46

Margo insists that her dreams frequently enable her to perceive and predict future events. Margo is claiming to possess the power of

Accepted Answer

precognition

Question 47

Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of

Accepted Answer

telepathy

Question 48

Consciousness is

Accepted Answer

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 49

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

Accepted Answer

circadian rhythm.

Question 50

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 51

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

Accepted Answer

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Question 52

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

Accepted Answer

the cessation of breathing during sleep

Question 53

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep

Question 54

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

Accepted Answer

night terrors.

Question 55

According to the text, learning involves

Accepted Answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Question 56

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 57

As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning.

Question 58

In Pavlov\'s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

Accepted Answer

The presentation of food in the dogs mouth

Question 59

In Pavlov\'s experiments, the dog\'s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

unconditioned response.

Question 60

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

Accepted Answer

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 61

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 62

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 63

Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

generalization.

Question 64

Garcia and Koelling\'s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Accepted Answer

biological predispositions.

AP Psychology. Final Exam: Brain Structure, Ebbinghaus’ Retention, Split-Brain – Flashcards

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