AP Psychology Chapter 8 Memory – Flashcards
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Working Memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 352)
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Encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning
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Storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Sensory Memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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Long-term Memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
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Automatic Processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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Effortful Processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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Spacing Effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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Serial Position Effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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Semantic Encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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Acoustic Encoding
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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Visual Encoding
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the encoding of picture images
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Imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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Mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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Iconic Memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic Memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
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an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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Amnesia
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loss of memory
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Implicit Memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory
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Explicit Memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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Hippocampus
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a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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Recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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Relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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Primng
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the implicit activation of particular associations in memory.
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Deja vu
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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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Mood-congruent Memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
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Source Amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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Proactive Interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Retroactive Interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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Repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Misinformation Effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Flashbulb Memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
