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Cognitive Perspective

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An approach witnin psychology that focuses on the impact of human thought, reasoning, intelligence, and memory.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

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An approach within psychology based on the work of Sigmund Freud, emphasizing unconscious conflict, primitive sexual instinct and early childhood experiences.

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Humanistic Perspective

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A perspective within psychology that emerged as a reaction to the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches; emphasizes the uniqueness and self awareness of every individual.

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Sociocultural Perspective

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One of the more recently developed perspectives in psychology; it recognizes the influence of cultural heritage, ethinic background, economic status, and lifestyle factors.

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Behavioral Perspective

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A contiemproary perspective in psychology that advocates an expanded view of the principles that are the foundation of the school of behaviorism.

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Physiological Perspective

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A perspective within psychology where genetic, neurological, and in particular brain functioning influences are researched.

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Introspection

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Part of Wundt's research methodology; involves "looking within"

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Behaviorism

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A psychological school of thought that emerged in the early 1900's, suggesting that measurable overt behavior and experience were the only appropriate topics for study

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Psychology

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The study of behavior and of mental processes.

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Gestalt Psychology

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A school of psychology that examines how the brain interprets and organizes our experiences in the world so that what we percieve is a unified whold or pattern

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Positive Psychology

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A contemporary movement within psychology that emphasizes the study of human virtues and assets, rather than weaknesses and deficits.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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A movement within psychology based on the views of Charles Darwin, recognizing that genetic influences on behavior may serve to aid in the survival of the species.

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Social Cognitive Theory

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A relatively recent expansion within the behavioral perspective, emphasizing that cognitions in addition to environmental experience shape behavior.

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Unconscious

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According to Freud, a region of the mind consisting of primitive urges and conflicts and of which we are not aware.

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Psychoanalysis

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An approach to psychological therapy developed by Sigmund Freud

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Behavior Therapy

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A psychological treatment approach based on the belief that maladaptive behaviors are learned.

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Functionalism

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focused on how behavioral processes function, how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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Natural Selection

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principle that those inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations.

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Counseling Psychologist

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works with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problems

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School Psychologist

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works to overcome educational difficulties

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Consumer Pyschologist

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deals with shopping.

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Developmental Psychologist

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study human growth and changes over the life span

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Basic Research

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Research aimed simply at furthering our knowledge and understanding

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Health Psychologist

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study the relationship between psychological patterns and physical health

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Psychiatrist

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Individuals with a medical degree who specialize in treating mental health disorders.

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Forensic Psychologist

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research criminal behavior and are involved with other aspects of the legal system

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Geropsychologist

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research matters dealing with aging and the elderly

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Experimental Psychologist

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conduct controlled research to establish cause and effect; usually carried out in a laboratory setting

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Physiological Psychologist

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investigate genetic and other biological influences on behavior

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Applied Research

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Research conducted in order to learn more about or solve a particular problem.

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Neuropsychologist

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study brain structures, neurotransmitters, and the like with regard to their impact on human functioning

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Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

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involved in business or other organizational settings with the objective of optimizing the work experience for employees and administrators

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Social Psychologist

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investigating the influence of interpersonal contact and the actions of others on the behavior of individuals

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Clinical Psychologist

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treat mental disorders by means of psychotherapy

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Educational Pyschologist

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involved with evaluating academic abilities and optimizing the learning experience.

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Comparitive Psychologist

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study many other species besides the human to investigate similarities and differences.

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Personality Pyschologist

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interested in the functioning of the individual and how individuals differ form one another.

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Hypothesis

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a prediction about the anticipated relationship between cause and effect in an empirical study

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Samples

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a subset from the population used to test questions related to the entire population- for quality research, it must be representative of the entire population

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Experimental Method

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a research methodology, which, through the use of a control group, can establish a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables

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Placebo

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where there may be an effect from an intervention, but the effect is due to participants' hopes or expectations and not the treatment administered.

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Informed Consent

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a critical component in ethical researc; the participant is aware of what he or she will experience as part of a research sutdy, and willingly agrees to participate

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Theories

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result of many studies in a particular research area; the various confirmed and disconfirmed hypotheses are unified to provide a framework for understanding, interpretation, and direction for future research

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Empirical Approach

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an important component in research; involves assuring that research findings are the result of direct observation and precise measurement.

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Population

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all of the people about whom a research question is concerned (usually too many to test in their entirety, and subsets are used)

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Random Assignment

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an important research procedure that helps to control for possible preexisting differences among participants; each participant has equal likelihood of being placed in any of the study research conditions

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Independent Variable

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the suspected causes ( can be proposed by the researcher) in an experimental study

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Inferences

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Drawing conclusions from observation or research that may not be entirely based on the evidence in the study

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Statistical Significance

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the determination that research findings are highly likely to be real results, not due to chance.

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Scientific Method

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a set of steps or criteria for research that help assure that the findings in the study were obtained objectively

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Replication

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an important criterion in scientific research; similar results to a study are found when using the same mehodology but conducted by a different researcher, with differnet participants, and often in a different location

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Naturalistic Observation Method

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a research methodology where there is no intervention whatsoever by the researcher; participants are simply watched, without their awareness, in their familiar, comfortable, everyday environment.

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Survey Method

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a research methodology aimed at assessing the views of large numbers of people with regard to broad, general questions; to be done correctly a representative sample is crucial.

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Variables

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components in a research study whose quantitative values can change (and these changes can be measured)

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Dependent Variable

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the suspected effects (due to the independent variable) in an experimental research design

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Correlational method

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a research methodology that indicates the degree to which measured behavior on one variable for individuals is related to scores obtained for those individuals on another variable

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Case study method

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a research methodology used in psychology where only one or a few individuals are studied, but they are researched in great depth.

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Correlation Coefficient

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a statistical measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus how will either factor predicts the other.

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher, empiricist

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Darwin

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British Biologist; Physiological perspective

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Locke

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British philosopher

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Plato

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Greek Philosopher, nativist

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Freud

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First psychotherapy; Psychodynamic perspective

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James

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First comprehensive textbook

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Wundt

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First pyschology laboratory

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Maslow

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Humanist approach; Humanistic perspective

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Pavlov

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Discovered conditioning

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Piaget

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Studied children's intelligence; Cognitive perspective

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Rogers

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Humanistic therapy

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Skinner

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Studied reinforcement; Behavioral perspective

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Watson

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Founded behaviorism

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