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little albert

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subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

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albert bandura

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researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

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john garcia

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Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

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ivan pavlov

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Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

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rosalie rayner

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graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion

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martin seligman

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researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

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bf skinner

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1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

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edward thorndike

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behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence *cat puzzle box

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allan wagner

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-showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

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john watson

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behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

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learning

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the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

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habituation

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being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)

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associative learning

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learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

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classical conditioning

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conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex

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behaviorism

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an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior

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unconditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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unconditioned stimulus

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

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conditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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acquisition

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the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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Higher-order conditioning

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

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extinction

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a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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generalization

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(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

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discrimination

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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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learned helplessness

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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observational learning

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learning by observing others

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modeling

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the process of observing and imitating a behavior

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mirror neurons

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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

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prosocial behavior

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

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respondent behavior

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Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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operant conditioning

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conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response

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operant behavior

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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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law of effect

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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operant chamber

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a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.

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shaping

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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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discriminative stimulus

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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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reinforce

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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positive reinforcement

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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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negative reinforcement

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increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

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primary reinforcement

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something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food (if you are hungary), warmth (if you are cold), and water (if you are thirsty)

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conditioned reinforce

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a stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer

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conditioned reinforcement

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operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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partial reinfocement

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only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior has been reinforced continually

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fixed ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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variable ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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variable interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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punishment

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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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cognitive map

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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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latent learining

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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insight

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grasping the inner nature of things intuitively- the OH thats how you do it feeling

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intristic motivation

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desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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biofeedback

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a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them

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