Ap psych unit 4 review – Flashcards

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Which of the following is true a) The absolute threshold for any stimulus is a constant B) the absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat c) The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be deducted 75% of the time d) the absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected 60% of the time
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B) the absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat
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If you can just notice the difference between 10 and 11 pound weights which of the following weights could you differentiate from 100 pound weight? a) 101 pound weight b)105 pound weight c) 110 pound weight d) there is no basis for prediction
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C) 110 pound weight
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A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called a) sensory fatigue b)accommodation c)sensory adaptation d)sensory interaction
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c)Sensory adaptation
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The size of the people is controlled by the a)lens b) retina c) cornea d) Iris
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D) iris
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The process by which the lens changes it's curvature is a) accommodation be) sensory adaptation C) feature detection d)transduction
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A) accommodation
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The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the a)fovea B)cone c) bipolar cell D) rod
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D) rod
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The Young- hemholtz theory proposes that a) there are 3 different types of color sensitive cones b) retinal cells are excited by one color and inhibited by its complementary color c) there are 4 different types of cones d) rod, not cone, vision accounts for our ability to detect fine visual detail
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a) there are 3 different types of color sensitive cones
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Frequency is to pitch as ___ is to ___ a) wavelength; loudness b) amplitude; loudness c) wavelength; intensity d) amplitude; intensity
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b) amplitude; loudness
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Our experience of pain when we are injured depends on a) our biological makeup and the type of injury we have sustained b) how well medical personnel deal with our injury c) our physiology, experiences, and attention, and surrounding culture d) what our culture allows us to express in terms of feelings of pain
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c) our physiology, experiences, and attention, and surrounding culture
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According to the gate-control theory, a way to alleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate the ______ nerve fibers that ________ the spinal gate. a) small;open b) small; close c) large; open d) large; close
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d) large; close
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The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the a) iris b) retina c) lens d) optic nerve
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b) retina
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The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form and works on each aspect simultaneously. This is called a) feature detection b) parallel processing c) accommodation d) opponent processing
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b) parallel processing
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Kinesthesis involves a) the bones of the middle ear b) info from the bones, ears, tendons, and joints c) membranes within the cochlea d) the body's sense of balance
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b) info from the bones, ears, tendons, and joints
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One light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in a) wavelength b) amplitude c) opponent process d) brightness
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a) wavelength
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Which of the following explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light? a) the Young-Helmholtz Theory b) the opponent process theory c) feature detection d) color constancy
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d) color constancy
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Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation? a) finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while b) developing an increased sensitivity to salt the more you use it in foods c) becoming very irritated at the continuing sound of a dripping faucet d) becoming increasingly annoyed by your neighbor's dog barking
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a) finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while
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Most color deficient people will probably a) lack functioning red or green sensitive cones b) see the world in only black and white c) also suffer from poor vision d) have above avg vision to compensate for the deficit
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a) lack functioning red or green sensitive cones
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The historical movement associated with the statement "The whole may exceed the sum of its parts" is a) parapsychology b) behavioral psychology c) functional psychology d) Gestalt psychology
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d) Gestalt psychology
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Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of a) connectedness b) similarity c) continuity d) closure
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d) closure
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The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that a) perception is largely innate b) perception is simply a point for point representation of sensation c) the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception d) different people see different things when viewing a scene
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c) the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception
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When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing the depth cue known as a) interposition b) linear perspective c) relative motion d) retinal disparity
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d) retinal disparity
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As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of a) perceptual constancy b) relative motion c) linear perspective d) continuity
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a) perceptual constancy
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A person claiming to be able to read another's mind is claiming to have the ESP ability of a) psychokinesis b) precognition c) clairvoyance d) telepathy
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d) telepathy
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Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing our sensory experiences? a) John Locke b) Immanuel Kant c) Eleanor Gibson d) Richard Walk
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b) Immanuel Kant
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Kittens and monkeys reared seeing only diffuse, unpatterned light a) later had difficulty distinguishing color and brightness b) later had difficulty perceiving color and brightness, but eventually regained normal sensitivity c) later had difficulty perceiving the shape of objects d) showed no impairment in perception, indicating that neural feature detectors develop even in the absence of normal sensory experiences
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c) later had difficulty perceiving the shape of objects
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Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored a) are almost immediately able to recognize familiar objects b) typically fail to recognize familiar objects c) are unable to follow moving objects with their eyes d) have excellent eye-hand coordination
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b) typically fail to recognize familiar objects
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__________ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation a) top down b) bottom up c) parapsychological d) psychophysical
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b) bottom up
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WHich of the following is not a monocular depth cue? a) light and shadow b) relative height c) retinal disparity d) interposition
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c) retinal disparity
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The Moon illusion occurs in part because distance cues at the horizon make the moon seem a) farther away and therefore larger b) closer and therefore larger c) farther away and therefore smaller d) closer and therefore smaller
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a) farther away and therefore larger
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Figure is to ground as ____ is to ____ a) night;day b) top;bottom c) cloud; sky d) sensation; perception
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c) cloud; sky
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The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we a) detect sights, sounds, and other stimuli b) sense environmental stimuli c) develop sensitivity to illusions d) interpret sensory stimuli
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d) interpret sensory stimuli
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Jack claims that he often has dreams that predict future events. He claims to have the power of a) telepathy b) clairvoyance c) precognition d) psychokinesis
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c) precognition
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Researchers who investigated telepathy found that a) when external distractions are reduced, both the "sender" and the "receiver" become much more accurate in demonstrating ESP b) only "senders" become much more accurate c) only "receivers" become much more accurate d) over many studies, neither "senders" nor "receivers" become more accurate
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d) over many studies, neither "senders" nor "receivers" become more accurate
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The frequency theory of hearing is better than place theory at explaining our sensation of a) the lowest pitches b) pitches of intermediate range c) the highest pitches d) both high and low pitches
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a) the lowest pitches
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The perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is directed elsewhere is a) sensory adaptation b) inattentional blindness c) perceptual adaptation d) transduction
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b) inattentional blindness
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which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes? a) sweet b) salty c) umami d) bland
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d) bland
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Of the 4 distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is a) warmth b) cold c) pressure d) pain
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c) pressure
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The process by which sensory info is converted into neural energy is
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d) trandsuction
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The receptors for taste are located in the
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a) taste buds
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The inner ear contains receptors for
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c) audition and the vestibular sense
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According to the opponent process theory
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c) neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's
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What enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed?
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b) kinesthesis
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Hubel and Wiesel discovered feature detectors in the visual
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d) cortex
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Weber's law states that
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d) the jnd for any stimulus is a constant proportion
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The principle that one sense may influence another is
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d) sensory interaction
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The correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye is
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d) cornea, pupil, lens, retina
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In the opponent process theory, the 3 pairs of processes are
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a) red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
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Wavelength is to ____ as ____ is to brightness
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a) hue; intensity
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Concerning the evidence for subliminal stimulation, which of the following is the best answer? a) The brain processes some info without our awareness b) stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds for awareness may trigger a response in our sense receptors c) because the "absolute" threshold is a statistical avg, we are able to detect weaker stimuli some of the time d) all of these statements are true
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d) all of these statements are true
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Which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color?
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c) color processing occurs in 2 stages: (1) a 3 color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex
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One reason that your ability to detect fine visual details is greatest when scenes are focused on the fovea of your retina is that
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d) many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their info to the cortex
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Given normal sensory ability, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see a candle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. This is a description of vision's
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c) absolute threshold
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The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called
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b) continuity
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Which of the following statements is consistent with the gestalt theory of perception?
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The mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions
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Experiments with distorted visual environments demonstrate that
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c) humans adapt readily, while lower animals typically do not
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The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual's expectations influence perception is called
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a) perceptual set
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According to the philosopher ____, we learn to perceive the world.
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a) John Locke
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The phenomenon of size constancy is based on the close connection between an object's perceived _____ and its perceived ____.
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b) size; distance
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Which of the following statements best describes the effects of sensory restriction?
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c) It has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy
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Selective attention is most accurately defined as
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a) the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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Psychologists who study ESP are called
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c) parapsychologists
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The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is
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d) relative motion
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Which of the following statements concerning ESP is true?
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c) most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of defenders of ESP
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Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of
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perceptual constancy
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The term gestalt means
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d) whole
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Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is
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a) innate
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All of the following are laws of perceptual organization except
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d) retinal disparity
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You probably perceive the diagram above as 3 separate objects due to the principle of
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d) connectedness
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________ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception
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a) top down
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The place theory of pitch perception cannot account for how we hear
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a) low pitched sounds
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Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by
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d) damage to the cochlea
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In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your
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d) difference threshold
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To maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail you should
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d) stare directly at the object
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The phantom limb sensation indicates that
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c) pain involves the brain's interpretation of neural activity
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While competing in the Olympic trials, marathoner Kirsten OBrien suffered a stress fracture in her left leg. That she did not experience significant pain until the race was over is probably attributable to the fact that during the race
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a) the pain gate in her spinal cord was closed by info coming from her brain
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Which of the following is an example of sensory interaction? a) finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird looking meal tastes awful b) finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold c) finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection d) all of these are examples
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d) all of these are examples
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In comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye's
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d) retina
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Sensation is to ____ as perception is to _______
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b) detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus
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I am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green. I am an
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d) opponent process cell
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The correct order of structures thru which sound travels after entering the ear is
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a) auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea
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Dr Frankenstein has forgotten to give his monster an important part; as a result the monster cannot transduce sound Dr Frankenstein omitted the
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d) basiliar membrane
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Assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you'd expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal would contain
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b) mostly rods
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As the football game continued into the night, LeVar noticed that he was having difficulty distinguishing the colors of the players' uniforms. This is because the ____, which enable color vision have a _____ absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity.
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b) cones; higher
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After staring at a very intense red stimulus for a few mins, Carrie shifted her gaze to a beige wall and "saw" the color ____. carrie's experience provides support for the _________ theory.
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c) green; opponent process
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