AP Psych Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology – Flashcards
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Supernatural View
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Where mysterious behavior was attributed to supernatural powers, likely dominated early societies.
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Naturalistic View
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Where abnormality is attributed to medical problems. Mental hospitals and asylums were used more like prisons to keep the afflicted away from society.
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Philippe Pinel
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French physician who contributed to the more humane treatment of psychiatric patients in the late 1700s
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Dorothea Dix
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Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums
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Deinstitutionalization
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1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
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Biological Model
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Underlying cause (etiology) of mental disorders is biological; medication or medical therapies are used as treatments.
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Psychoanalytic Model
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Abnormal behaviors represent unconscious motives and conflicts; psychoanalysis is used as treatment.
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Humanistic Model
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Abnormal behaviors result from failure to fulfill one's self-potential; and faulty self-image; Client-centered and Gestalt therapies are used to increase self acceptance.
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Learning Model
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Abnormal behaviors are learned the same way as normal ones through conditioning, reinforcements, imitations, etc. and are not considered symptoms of some underlying disease - the behaviors themselves are the problem; treatments consist of retraining and reconditioning.
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Cognitive Model
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Faulty or negative thinking can cause depression or anxiety. Focus of treatment is on changing faulty/irrational thinking.
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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Biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress.
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Insanity
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Legal term for mentally disturbed people who are not considered responsible for their criminal actions.
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Competency
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Is the individual considered insane fit to stand trial?
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Rosenhan Study
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study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.
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DSM
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The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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Multiaxial System
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the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors
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Axis I
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Describes any mental disorder or clinical syndrome that might be present
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Axis II
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Describes any personality disorder or mental retardation that might be present.
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Axis III
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Describes any physical or medical disorders that might be present, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis.
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Axis IV
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Rates the severity of psychosocial stressors such as school or housing issues in the individual's life during the past year.
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Axis V
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Assess the level of adaptive functioning currently and during the past year on Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) 0-100
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Mood Disorders
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Characterized by ongoing, dysfunctional emotional patterns; also referred to as affective disorders.
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Depression
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Characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, and excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Intense symptoms of depression that may last for several months
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Symptoms of depression triggered by weather patterns (melatonin hypersensitivity)
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Dysthemia
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Less intense symptoms of depression, but may last for periods of two years or more.
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Mania
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Characterized by: feelings of euphoria, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, and grandiosity.
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Bipolar Disorder
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Characterized by alternating between depression and mania.
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Cyclothemia
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Less intense mood swings between Mania and Depression.
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Cognitive Distortions
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Inaccurate and irrational automatic thoughts or ideas that lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations.
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Anxiety Disorders
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A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorder: Prolonged vague but intense fears not attached to any particular object or circumstance; often results from free-floating anxiety.
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Phobic Disorders
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Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
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OCD
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A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with and individual's functioning.
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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An anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images
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Specific Phobia
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Anxiety Disorder: Fears of specific things such as animals, heights, closed places, needles.
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Social Phobia
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Anxiety Disorder: Excessive fear of social situations; fear of scrutiny of others
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Agoraphobia
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Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of crowds and public places or other situations that require separation from source of security, such as the home.
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Panic Disorder
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An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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Psychosomatic Disorder
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Real physical illness with psychological causes such as stress or anxiety
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Somatoform Disorder
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Physical symptoms without any physical cause; person experiences symptoms as real.
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Somatization Disorder
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Somatoform Disorder: Vague, recurrent physical symptoms; plentiful and unrelated and unresponsive to medical treatment.
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Conversion Disorder
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Somatoform Disorder: Sudden but temporary loss of physical functions triggered by psychological factors.
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La Belle Indifference
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Somatoform Disorder: Apathy over loss of functioning
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Glove Anesthesia
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Somatoform Disorder: Lack of feeling in hand only - neurologically impossible.
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Hypochodnriasis
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Somatoform Disorder: Without physical evidence, individual believes they have a serious illness
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Somatoform Disorder: Preoccupation with a minor physical anomaly to the point of dysfunction
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Dissociative Disorder
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Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings. Characterized by a sudden but temporary alteration in consciousness, identity, sensory/motor behavior, or memory.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Dissociative Disorder: Loss of memory without a physical cause
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Dissociative Fugue
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Dissociative Disorder: Involves flight from home and adoption of a new identity and amnesia for past events.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Dissociative Disorder: Person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times.
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Sexual Disorders
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include a range of sexual problems typically divided into two categories. I. Sexual dysfunctions II. Paraphilias
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Sexual Dysfunction
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Impairment of "normal" sexual functioning. Can refer to an inability to perform or reach an orgasm, painful sexual intercourse, a strong repulsion of sexual activity, or an exaggerated sexual response cycle or sexual interest.
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Erectile Disorder
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Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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Inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or reach orgasm
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Sexual Desire Disorder
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Lack of sexual interest or active distaste for sex
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Sexual Arousal Disorder
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inability to achieve or sustain arousal until the end of intercourse in a person who is capable of experiencing sexual desire
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Orgasmic Disorder
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Inability to reach orgasm in a person who has sexual desire and can maintain arousal
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Premature Ejaculation
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Male's inability to inhibit orgasm as long as desired
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Vaginismus
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Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina making intercourse impossible
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Paraphilias
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Distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
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Fetishism
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Paraphilia: Non-human object is preferred method of sexual excitement
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Voyeurism
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Paraphilia: Desire to watch others having sex or undressing
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Exhibitionism
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Paraphilia: Compulsion to expose one's genitals to achieve sexual arousal
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Frotteurism
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Paraphilia: Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person in public
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Transvestitism
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Paraphilia: Wearing clothing of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal
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Sadism
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Paraphilia: Obtain sexual gratification by humiliating or physically harming a sex partner
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Masochism
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Paraphilia: Inability to enjoy sex without physical or emotional pain.
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Pedophilia
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Paraphilia: Preferred desire to have sex with children
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Gender Identity Disorder
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Involves a desire to become, or insistence that one really is a member of the other sex.
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personality Disorder
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Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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3 Clusters
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Groups of personality disorders in the DSM. Split into A, B, and C.
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster A: Withdrawn and lacks feelings for others.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster A: Very suspicious of others
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster B: Exaggerated sense of self-importance
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster B: Attention hungry, drama-queen
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster B: Unpredictable, impulsive and sometimes destructive in behavior.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster C: marked by uncomfortable feelings of being alone or making decisions.
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Part of Cluster C: marked by feelings of inferiority, and fear of social interactions
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Schizophrenia
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Most debilitating and complex of all the psychological disorders. Diagnosis must be made before age 45 and symptoms must persist for at least 6 months. Treated with anti-psychotic medication.
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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Bizarre and childlike behavior. may engage in incoherent conversations.
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Can alternate between a catatonic state (mute and immobile) and an overly active state (overly excited and shouting)
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex delusions.
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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
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Clear symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet criteria for other subtypes.
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Psychoticism
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Individual is suffering from a break with reality that inhibits his ability to function. One indicator of schizophrenia
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Positive Symptoms
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Symptoms people with schizophrenia experience, but normal people do not.
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Negative Symptoms
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Behaviors that occur normally, but do not in schizophrenics
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Hallucinations
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Schizophrenic Symptom: Sensory experiences without external stimulation
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Delusions
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Schizophrenic Symptom: false beliefs about reality
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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Ticks caused by over-use of anti-psychotic medication
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Clang
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Schizophrenic Symptom: rhyming speech pattern
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Neologism
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Schizophrenic Symptom: making up new words
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Echolalia
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Schizophrenic Symptom: repeating words over and over
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Loose Association
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Schizophrenic Symptom: Words don't hold up together; language doesn't make sense.
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Flat Affect
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Schizophrenic Symptom: having no emotion
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Ambivalent Affect
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Schizophrenic Symptom: having erratic emotional responses
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Psychomotor Agitation
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Series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual. This includes pacing around a room, wringing one's hands, pulling off clothing and putting it back on and other similar actions
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Childhood Disorders
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according to the DSM, are "disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence"
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Mental Retardation
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A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
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Developmental Disorders
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Which of the following disorders have their onset early in life, around the time of birth or before a child is 18 years old
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Disruptive Behavior
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A type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositional and defiant behavior which does not meet criteria for other conduct disorders
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Tic Disorders
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Predominantly psychogenic disorders characterized by involuntary, spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small groups of muscles
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Feeding Disorders
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disturbances in eating behavior that involve maladaptive and unhealthy efforts to control body weight
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Autism
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Qualitative impairment in social interaction; qualitative impairments in communication; Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interest, activities.
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Asperger's
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Qualitative impairment in social interaction; restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities.
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AD/HD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
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6 month history of behaviors involving multiple symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that disrupt normative development.
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ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)
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A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months.
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Conduct Disorder
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A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.
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Tourette's Disorder
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sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization
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Pica
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Persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least 1 month.
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Rumination Disorder
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Repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food for a period of at least 1 month following a period of normal functioning.
