AP Psych Unit 10 – Flashcards
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Personality
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An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking
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Free Association
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The patient is told to relax and freely say whatever comes to mind; even trivial or embarassing
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Word Association
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Say one word and the patient was supposed to say whatever comes to mind after
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What famous psychologist is known for developing the psychoanalytic perspective?
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Freud
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What are the three parts of the personality?
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Id, ego, and superego
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Id
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Pleasure seeking part of the personality
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Ego
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Reality part of the personality
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Superego
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The conscience of the personality
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The id & superego are often going to be in total ________ of each other
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opposition
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The __________ is thought of as the mediator between the two.
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Ego
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Who developed the psychosexual stages of development?
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Freud
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What are the psychosexual stages?
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
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Oral
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Occurs at 0-18 months; pleasure centers are located around the mouth; biting, chewing and sucking
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Anal
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Occurs at 18-36 months; pleasure focus of bowel movements ; obsession with expulsion or retention of feces; anal expulsive character- takes pleasure in exerting feces
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Phallic
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Occurs at 3-6 years; pleasure is in the genitals; Oedipus complex; child becomes more interested in genitals and that of others; fixation at this stage: personality is reckless but proud
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Latency
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Occurs at 6-puberty; dormant sexual feelings; childs energy is focused towards school, athletics, and same-sex relationships
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Genital
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Occurs at puberty and onward; maturation of sexual interests; interests turn to heterosexual relationships
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Oedipus Complex
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Rarely occurs in the Phallic stage, happens when male children have sexual desires towards mother and hatred towards fathers
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What happens when a person does not have a stage?
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Fixation
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What are defense mechanisms?
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The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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Banishing anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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When faced with anxiety, a person retreats to a more infantile stage. Ex. A woman gets into fetal position after being raped
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Reaction formation
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People express feelings that are actually the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. Ex. A straight man is outwardly hateful towards gay men but he is secretly gay himself
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Projection
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We disguise our own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Rationalization
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When we generate self-justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening reasons for our actions
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Displacement
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When a person directs sexual or aggressive behavior toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one who aroused the feelings
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Rorsach Inkblot Test
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Seeks to identify a persons inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of inkblot tests.
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Designed by Henry Murray in the 1930's; people view ambiguous pictures and hope they tell stories to expose their inner feelings
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Non-Freudians
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Psychoanalysts who came after Freud and accepted his basic ideas but disagreed with him in two ways.
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What were the two ways Non-Freudians disagreed with Freud?
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1)Placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind 2)Said sex and aggression are not the all-consuming situations
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Karen Horney
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Challenged psychology's sexist view of women
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Alfred Adler
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Came up with "inferiority complex"
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Carl Jung
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Came up with the collective unconscious and the archetypes
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What are the archetypes?
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Animus, Anima, The Self, The Shadow, and The Persona
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Animus
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Masculine part of the female psyche
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Anima
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The feminine part of the male psyche
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The Self
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The whole personality that includes everything, even the conscious and unconscious
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The Persona
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The mask or appearence that one presents to the world
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Humanistic Perspective
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Basically emphasized that all people are innately good and problems come from deviating from this natural tendency
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Who were the key players of the Humanistic perspective?
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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers
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Self-concept
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All the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"
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Rationalization
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The defense mechanism in which self justifying explanation replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions
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Displacement
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Refers to the process by which people redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets
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Defense mechanism sublimation
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The transformation of unacceptable impulses into social valued motivations
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Terror management theory
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Emphasizes that anxiety is triggered by an awareness of ones impending death
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Humanistic approach
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Emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization; would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of social obligations; criticized for underestimating the human predisposition to engage in destructive and evil behaviors
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Alfred Adler
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Neo-Freudian; coined the term "inferiority complex"
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Karen Horney
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Emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by a sense of helplessness.
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Carl Jung
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Neo-Freudian theorist; referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the collective unconscious
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Abraham Maslow
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Hierarchy of needs; studied the lives of Lincoln, Jefferson, and Roosevelt to understand the nature of self-actualization
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Carl Rogers
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People nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting and empathetic; referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as unconditional positive regards
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Projective tests
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Most closely associated with the psychoanalytic approach; Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to ambiguous pictures; False Consensus effect
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Idiographic Methods
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personality techniques that look at the individual, such as case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations
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Nonothetic methods
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personality techniues such as tests, surveys and observations that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality
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biological approach
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examines the extent go which heredity determines our personality
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temperament
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an infants natural disposition includes sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability and adaptsbility
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heritibility
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estimates from twin and adoption studies suggest that both heredity and environment have about equal roles in determining at least some of our personality charactersitics
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evolutionary psychologist David Buss
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attributed the universality of basic personality trsits to natural selection because traits such as extraversion and agreeableness ensure physical survival and reproduction of the species
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psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach
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originated with Sigmund freud, who emphasized unconscious motivations and conflicts, and the importance of early childhood experiences
