AP Psych Test
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Which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external situations?
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Attribution Theory
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Two neighboring nations are stockpiling weapons. Each sees its neighbor's actions as an act of aggression and its own actions as self defense. Evidently, these nations are victims of
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The fundamental attribution error
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When male students in an experiment were told that a woman to whom they would be speaking had been instructed to act in a friendly or unfriendly way, most of them subsequently attributed her behavior to
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her personal disposition
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Professor Washington's students did very poorly on the last exam. The tendancy to make the fundamental attribution error might lead her to conclude that the class did poorly because
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students were unmotivated
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Which of the following is true?
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Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
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Which of the following is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
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After agreeing to wear a small \"Enforce Recycling\" lapel pin, a women agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law
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Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by
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Congnitive dissonance theory
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Which of the following situations should produce the greatest congnitive dissonance?
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A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when
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An individual does something that is personally disagreeable
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Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance theory?
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The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of conformity?
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All of theses conditions increased conformity
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Subjects in Asch's line-judgment experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgments were observed by others but not when they were made in private. This tendancy to conform in public demonstrates
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Normative social influence
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Which of the following is important in promoting conformity in individuals?
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Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
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Jose is the one student member on his school's board of trustees. At the board's first meeting, Jose wants to disagree with the others on several issues but in each case decides to say nothing. Studies on conformity suggest all expcept one of the following factors in Jose's not speaking up. Which one is not a factor?
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The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
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Maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer. Maria's subsequent decision to stop using aerosal sprays is an example of
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Informational social influence
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In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of subjects
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Complied with the experiment until the \"learner\" first indicated pain
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Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be less likely to follow the experimenter's orders when
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They see another subject disobey instructions
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Which of the following conclusions did Milgram derive from his studies of obedience?
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Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
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Which of the foloowing most accurately states the effects of crowding on behavior?
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Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
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Which of the following would most likely be subject to social faciliation?
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Running quickly around a track
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The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called
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Deindividuation
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Concluding her presentation on deindividuation, Renee notes that deindividuation is less likely in situations that promote
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Increased self-awareness
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Which of the following statements is true?
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A group that is like-minded will probably not change its apinions through discussion
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Jane and Sandy were best friends in their first year of university. Jane joined a sorority; Sandy didn't. By the end of their last year, they found that they had less in common with each other than the other members of their respective circles of friends. Which of the following phenomena most likely explains their feelings?
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Group polarization
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Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?
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Group polarization is evident
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Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of personal control and social control of our behavior?
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Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
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Research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority, the minority must
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Be able to convince a key majority leader
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Alexsis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. Her beliefs are an example of
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Stereotypes
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(Close-Up) Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice?
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Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to Whit-authored essays
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We tend to preceive the members of an ingroup as_____ and the members of an out group as_____.
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Different from one another; similar to one another
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Given the tendancy of people to categorize information according to preformed schemas, which of the following stereotypes would Juan, a 65-year-old political liberal and fitness enthusiast, be most likely to have?
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\"Young people today have no sense of responsibility.\"
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Ever since their cabin lost the camp softball competition, the campers have become increasingly hostile toward oe camper in their cabin, blaming her for every problem in the cabin. This behavior is best explained in terms of
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The scapegoat theory
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Students at State University are convinced that their school is better than any other; this most directly illustrates
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An ingroup bias
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People with power and status may become prejudiced because
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They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice?
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People's tendancy to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group
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The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
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Just-world phenomenon
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Violent criminals often have diminished activity in the____of the brain, which play(s) an important role in_____.
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Front lobes; controlling impulses
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Aggression is defined as behavior that
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is intended to hurt another person
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Which of the following is true about aggression?
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It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
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Research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone
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Testosterone
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Regarding the influence of alcohol and testosterone on aggressive behavior, which of the following is true?
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Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior
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Summarizing his report on the biology of aggression, Sam notes that
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Hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression
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After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter frightening the clerk. Teresa's behavior is best explained by
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The frustration-aggression principle
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Research studies have idicated that the tendancy of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality, devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is
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Increased by exposure to pornography
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Research studies have shown that frequent exposure to sexually explicit films
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May produce all of these effects
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Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?
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Physical Proximity
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Most researchers agree that
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Media violence is a factor in aggression
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The mere exposure effect demonstrates that
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Familiarity breeds fondness
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Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by
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The mere exposure effect
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Ahmed and Monique are on a bllind date. Which of the following will probably be most influential in determining whether they like each other?
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Their physical attractiveness
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Having read the chapter, which of the following is best borne out by research on attraction?
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Birds of a feather flock together
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In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men
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Reported mor positive feelings toward the woman
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Opening her mail, Joan dicovers a romantic greeting card from her boyfriend. According to the two-factor theory, she is likely to feel the most intense romantic feelings if, prior to reading the card, she has just
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Completed her daily run
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The deeo affection that is felt in long lasting relatioships is called_____love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which_____.
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Companionate; there is equity between the partners
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Research studies indicated that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often
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Leads to all of these behaviors
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Increasing the number of people that are present during an emergency tends to
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Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
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Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?
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Being in a good mood
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Mr. and Mrs. Samuels are constantly fighting, and each perceives the other as hard-headed and insesitive. Their conflict is being fueled by
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Mirrior-image perceptions
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Which of the following strategies would be most likely to foster positive feelings between tow conflicting groups?
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Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
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Which of the following best describes how GRIT works?
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The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
