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Social Psychology

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subfield in psychology that deals with how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by our social interactions with others

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Social Perception

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processes by which we form impressions, make judgements, and develop attitudes about the people and events that constitute our social world

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Impression Formation

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process of developing an opinion or impression of another person

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Social Schema

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mental image or representation that we use to understand our social environment

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Stereotypes

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oversimplified generalizations about the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of members of a particular group

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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exception that helps bring about the outcome that is expected

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Attribution

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assumption about the causes of behavior or events

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Dispositional Causes

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causes relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals

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Situational Causes

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causes relating to external or environmental events

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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tendency to attribute behavior to internal caues without regard to situational influences

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Actor-Observer Effect

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tendency to attribute the causes of one's own behavior to situational factors while attributing the causes of other people's behavior to internal factors or dispositions

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Self-Serving Bias

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tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and to explain away our failures or disappointments

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Attitude

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positive or negative evaluation of persons, objects, or issues

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

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theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change: a central route and a peripheral route

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Attraction

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feelings of liking for others, together with having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act toward them in positive ways

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Matching Hypothesis

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belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other characteristics

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Proximity

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nearness or propinquity

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Reciprocity

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principle that people tend to like others who like them back

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Prosocial Behavior

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behavior that benefits others

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Bystander Intervention

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helping a stranger in distress

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Social Norms

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standards that define what is socially acceptable in a given situation

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Prejudice

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preconceived opinion or attitude about an issue, person, or group

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Discrimination

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unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category

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In-Groups

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social, religious, ethnic, or national groups with which one identifies

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Out-Groups

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groups other than those with which one identifies

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Out-Group Negativism

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cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups

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In-Group Favoritism

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cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to membes of in-groups than to those of out-groups

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Out-Group Homogeneity

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cognitive bias describing the tendency to preceive members of out-groups as more alike than members of in-groups

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Authoritarian Personality

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personality type characterized by rigidity, prejudice, and excessive concerns with obedience and respect for authority

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Contact Hypothesis

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Allport's belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension

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Frustration

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negative emotional state experienced when one's efforts to perceived social pressures

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Compliance

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tendency to accede to the requests or demands of others

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Social Validation

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tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior

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Foot-In-The-Door Technique

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compliance technique based on securing compliance with a smaller request as a prelude to making a larger request

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Bait-And-Switch Technique

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compliance technique based on "baiting" an individual by making an inrealistically attractive offer and then replacing it with a less attractive offer

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Low-Ball Technique

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compliance technique based on obtaining a person's initial agreement to purchase an item at a lower price before revealing hidden costs that raise the ultimate price

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Door-In-The-Face Technique

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compliance technique in which refusal of a large technique in which refusal of a large unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request

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Obedience

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compliance with commands or orders issued by others, usually persons in a position of authority

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Legitimization Of Authority

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tendency to grant legitimacy to the orders or commands of persons in authority

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Racism

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negative bias held toward others based on their ethnicity or racial identification

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Stereotype Threat

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sense of threat evoked in members of stereotyped groups when they believed they may be judged or treated stereotypically

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Personal Identity

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part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as unique individuals

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Social Identity

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part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups

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Conformity

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tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures

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Social Facilitation

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tendency to work better or harder in the presence of others than when alone

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Social Loafing

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tendency to expend less effort when working as a member of a group than when working alone

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Deindividuation

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loss of self awareness that may occur when one acts in concert with the actions of a crowd

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Group Polarization

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tendency for members of decision-making groups to shift toward more extreme views in whatever direction they were initially learning

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Risky-Shift Phenomenon

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type of group polarization effect in which a group discussion leads to the adoption of a riskier course of action than the members would have endorsed initially

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Groupthink

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Janis's term for the tendency of members of a decision-making group to be more focused on reaching a consensus than on critically examing the issues at hand

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Telecommuting

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form of working at home in which people communicate with their home office and clients via computer or telecommunication

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Organizational Culture

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system of shared values and norms within and organization

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