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Alfred Adler

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neo-Freudian; proposed the idea of the inferiority complex (based off of his childhood experiences

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Mary Ainsworth

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studied attachment differences by observing mother-infant pairs over a 6 mo. time period; found that secure infants have good bonds with mothers and the reverse is also true

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Gordon Allport

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after meeting with Freud, he developed his theory on traits (trait perspective); he was less concerned with explaining individual traits and more concerned with describing them

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Eugene Aserinsky

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discovered REM sleep accidentally; testing his EEG machine by placing electrodes on his son while he slept

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Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

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proposed the classic three-stage processing model of memory (sensory memory to short-term memory to long-term memory)

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Diana Baumrine

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did studies on parenting styles; these studies helped to reveal that authoritative parenting led to children with high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence... those with authoritarian parents tend to have less social skill and self-esteem, and those with permissive parents tend to be more aggressive and immature)

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Aaron Beck

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known for his use of the cognitive therapy approach

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Lucio Bini & Ugo Cerletti

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created the therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in 1938

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Paul Broca

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French physician who reported that after damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe (later called Broca's area), a person would struggle to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech

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Mary Calkins

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first accepted as a graduate student of William James; when all other students dropped because she was a female, he tutored her alone. She went on to become a distinguished memory researcher and the APA's first female president

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Walter Cannon & Philip Bard

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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; the idea that the body's response and the feeling of emotion are experienced SIMULTANEOUSLY

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Raymond B Cattell

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Argued tht a g-factor does exist, but it consists of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence; was also a trait theorist

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Noam Chomsky

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argued (against Skinner) that our environment plays a bigger role in our language development; he believed that language occurs naturally given adequate nurture

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Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

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did studies revealing differences as we age; believe that in some ways we all change with age; also did trait studies; associated with the Big Five personality factors

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Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart

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Proposed 3 levels for encoding incoming information; they suggested whether we remember information for a few seconds or a lifetime depends on how deeply we process the information; structural, phonemic, & semantic

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Dorthea Dix

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an advocate of mental hospitals and humane treatment for the mentally ill

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Herman Ebbinghaus

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was to the study of memory what Pavlov was to the study of conditioning; used himself to test memory by learning 3-consonant combinations; his findings were that the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

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Albert Ellis

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co-editor of the Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change; developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET); focused on the ABC theory (A - the activating event, B - the person's belief about the event, C - the emotional consequence that follows)

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Erik Erikson

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studied psychosocial development; stages include infancy, toddlerhood, preschooler, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood; each stage is accompanied by a particular issue that must be resolved

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Hans & Sybil Eysenck

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describe personality using two dimensions (stable v. unstable and extrovert v. introvert)

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Gustav Fechner

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considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology; studied afterimages but temporarily lost his sight when using the sun to study them; wrote the book, Elements of Psychophysics, in which he argued that mind and body, thought to be separate parts of the body, are different parts of a single reality; inspired by Weber's work with difference thresholds and jnd

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Leon Festinger

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proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance theory, the idea that we often bring our attitudes into line with our actions

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Sigmund Freud

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psychoanalysis (his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques); used free- association to delve into his patients' unconscious; proposed 3 interacting systems of our conscience (id, ego, superego); psychosexual stages of development; defense mechanisms

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Francis Galton

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in his book, English Men of Science, stated "Nature is all that a man brings with him into the world; nurture is every influence that affects him after his birth."

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John Garcia

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challenged the idea that any association can be learned equally well; did research with lab rats and radiation...his findings violated the notion that for conditioning to occur, the US must immediately follow the CS (the rats, when given radiation hours after tasting a particular flavor, avoided that flavor in the future); also tested other senses (sight and sound) and found the rats did not develop aversions to the other senses, only taste...this contradicted the behaviorists' idea that any perceivable stimulus could serve as a CS

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Howard Gardner

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argued that we don't have an intelligence, but eight multiple intelligences

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Michael Gazzaniga

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had experimented on cutting the brains of cats and monkeys with no serious ill effects to the animals; his experiments revealed the significant purpose of the corpus callosum; did the HE●ART experiment with split-brain patients

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Eleanor Gibson

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developed the "visual cliff" experiment; showed that depth perception cues are innate

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Carol Gilligan

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studied gender differences; believes females differ from males both in being less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and in being more concerned with "making connections"

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J.P. Guilford

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Proposed that intelligence consists of 150 distinct abilities

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G. Stanley Hall

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one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence; described this time period as a time of "storm and stress"

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Harry & Margaret Harlow

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performed the attachment studies on monkeys; found that monkey's preferred the non-nourishing cloth monkey to the nourishing wire monkey

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Ewald Hering

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developed the opponent-process theory; argued that yellow was just as much a primary color as red, green, and blue

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Ernest Hilgard

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suggested the divided-consciousness theory for hypnosis; studies show that a hypnotic trance includes a "hidden observer" suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis

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Karen Horney

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neo-Freudian; believed our childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child's sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security; challenged Freud's assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from "penis envy"; attempted to balance the masculine view of psychology (pg. 601)

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David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

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Nobel prize winners that demonstrated that the visual cortex has feature detector neurons that receive information and respond to a scene's specific features—to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements

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Carroll Izard

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isolated what he felt were 10 basic emotions, most of which are present in infancy; others have argued that there are more, but he believes those other emotions are a combination of the 10 he's identified

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William James

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a pioneer in American psychology and a prominent functionalist; encouraged explorations of down-to- earth emotions, memories, will power, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness;

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Arthur Jensen

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Nature side of intelligence debate; argued that intelligence is approximately 80% due to heredity; he felt that difference in mean intelligence scores for different races, nationalities, and social classes was due more to heredity than to environment

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Mary Cover Jones

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an associate of behaviorist John B. Watson; used an exposure therapy to rid "Peter" of his fear of rabbits; doing the opposite of what Watson had done with Little Albert, she sought to replace his fear of rabbits with a CR that is incompatible with fear

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Carl Jung

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neo-Freudian; emphasized the collective unconscious

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Heinrich Kluver & Paul Bucy

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surgically lesioned the part of a rhesus monkey's brain that included the amygdala, thus discovering the role that the amygdala plays

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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studied the development of moral reasoning; stages include preconventional, conventional, and Postconventional

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Wolfgang Kohler

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demonstrated how we are not the only creatures to display "insight"; did an experiment with a caged chimpanzee named Sultan

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Stephen Kosslyn & Oliver Koenig

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theory on consciousness; suggest that brain events are to consciousness what a guitar's individual notes are to a chord; as a chord emerges from the interaction of different notes, so consciousness emerges from the interaction of individual brain events

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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

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wrote the book "On Death and Dying" where she describes the five stages of dying; those stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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William Lange & Carl James

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James-Lange theory of emotion; the idea that your body first responds to an event AND THEN you feel the emotion

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Elizabeth Loftus

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demonstrated the "misinformation effect" through her memory studies

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Konrad Lorenz

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studied the attachment process of imprinting on ducklings

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Abraham Maslow

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developed the hierarchy of needs; humanistic perspective

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David McClelland

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Found that people with a high need for achievement (nAch) tend to set goals of moderate difficulty; they pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable; they actively pursue present and future successes and are willing to take risks; they persist after repeated failures, plan for the future, and take pride in their success

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William McDougall

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Believed that instincts "the prime movers of all human activity"; identified 18 instincts including parental instinct, curiosity, escape, reproduction, self-assertion, pugnacity, and gregariousness

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Stanley Milgram

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did the "teacher" test (administering electric shock for wrong answers) to test conformity and the power of an authority figure

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Walter Mischel

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social-cognitive perspective; proposed situational specificity (behaving differently in different situations); person AND situation variables are important in explaining behavior

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Franz Anton Mesmer

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Austrian physician; popularized mesmerism (now called hypnosis) in order to cure patients

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George A. Miller

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in studying short term memory, he "enshrined" recall capacity as the Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two; (in reference to short term memory not only being limited to duration, but also capacity)

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Egas Moniz

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developed the practice of lobotomies and won a Nobel prize for his work

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Franz Muller-Lyer

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Müller-Lyer illusion; helps to explain our ability to perceive depth in our 3-D world

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Henry Murray

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developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); a series of ambiguous pictures designed to depict the inner self

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Isabel Myers-Briggs & Kathleen Briggs

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attempted to sort people according to Carl Jung's personality types; describes people in complimentary terms

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James Olds & Peter Milner (Olds & Milner study)

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discovered a part of the hypothalamus that provides a pleasurable reward; accidentally discovered when trying to test the reticular formations of rats by placing electrodes on this region

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Allan Paivio

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his dual code theory suggests that information is better remembered when it is represented in both semantic and visual codes because this allows for storage of both the word and image

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Lloyd & Margaret Peterson

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studied short-term memory; tested individuals by having them remember 3-consonant groups and prevent rehearsal by having them count backwards from 100 in groups of 3; their findings were that without active rehearsal, short term memories have a short and limited life

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Jean Piaget

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studied cognitive development in children; stages include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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Philippe Pinel

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a reformer on the brutal treatment of mental patients; insisted madness was not a demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stress and inhumane conditions

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Robert Plutchik

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Proposed that emotions evolved because they help a species to survive; he felt emotions are inherited behavioral patterns & modified by experience; he believes there are 8 primary emotions (sadness, fear, surprise, anger, disgust, anticipation, joy, and acceptance)

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Robert Rescorla

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argued (along with Allan Wagner) that when two significant events occur close together in time, an animal learns the predictability of the second event; the more predictable the association, the stronger the CR

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Carl Rogers

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humanistic perspective; believed in the idea of unconditional positive regard; used client-centered therapy and stressed genuineness, acceptance, and empathy; referred to his patients as "clients"

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Hermann Rorschach

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developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test; seeks to identify people's inner feelings

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Julian Rotter

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social-cognitive perspective; believed personality is determined by a person's generalized expectations (GE) about future outcomes and reinforcements; He proposed locus of control

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Paul Rozin

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along with his colleagues, tested amnesia patients' memories of previous meals; found that part of our knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal

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James Russell & David Watson & Auke Tellegen

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describe emotion as two-dimensional (low arousal v. high arousal and pleasant v. unpleasant)

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Sandra Scarr

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nurture side of intelligence debate; she and other researchers have cited evidence supporting the environment's role in improving IQ scores

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Stanley Schacter & Jerome Singer

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Schacter's two-factor theory of emotion; the idea that the body responds simultaneously with a cognitive label and THEN we feel the emotion

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Martin Seligman

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did the learned helplessness experiment with dogs; showed the external locus effect in animals (generalized to depression with humans)

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Sir Charles Sherrington

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British physiologist that inferred there must be a brief interruption in the transmission of neural impulses, thus discovering synapses

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B.F. Skinner

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known for his work with operant conditioning; developed the operant chamber, also known as the Skinner box

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Charles Spearman

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studied intelligence; believed that there was a general intelligence or g factor; he believed that those who scored high in one factor of intelligence would tend to score high on other factors

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George Sperling

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partial report procedure; believed more information enters our sensory memory than what enters our short-term memory

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Roger Sperry

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first to propose "split-brain" surgery to help epileptic patients... but did so on animals, not humans

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Robert Sternberg

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agreed with Gardner on the idea of multiple intelligences, but proposed the triarchic theory which distinguishes three, not eight, intelligences; analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

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George Stratton

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wore a radical pair of glasses that flipped right & left, up and down, for 8 days; tested perceptual adaptation and found that his brain adjusted to the glasses and he could function normally by the 8th day

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Lewis Terman

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revised Binet's intelligence test to make it more accommodating to American school children; called the Standford-Binet test

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Edward Thorndike

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known for his idea on the law of effect; became the basis of Skinner's work

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L.L. Thurston

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an opponent of Spearman; did an experiment to try to discredit the idea of a general intelligence or g factor, but his results actually helped to strengthen Spearman's theory

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Edward Tolman

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demonstrated latent learning with a rat experiment

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Philip Vogel & Joseph Bogen

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two neurosurgeons; first to cut a corpus callosum of a human patient in order to reduce/eliminate epileptic seizures; the outcome... it worked!

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Lev Vygotsky

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believed that children become increasingly capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems, doing this by no longer thinking out loud; they internalize their culture's language and rely on inner speech

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Margaret Washburn

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first female to receive a psychology Ph.D. from Harvard (Calkins was previously denied the degree); wrote an influential book called The Animal Mind; second female president of the APA

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John B. Watson

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viewed psychology as an objective science and urged his colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives; got many of his ideas from Pavlov's study of classical conditioning; known for his ideas on behaviorism; also known for his controversial Little Albert experiment

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Ernst Weber

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noted that regardless of their magnitude, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion (not amount) for their difference to be perceptible; difference threshold or Weber's law

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David Wechsler

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an immigrant who was considered "feeble-minded" according to the Stanford-Binet; created the most widely used intelligence test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); also created the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

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Carl Wernicke

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German investigator who discovered that after damage to a specific area of the left temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) people could speak only meaningless words (interpretation of the auditory code could not take place)

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Benjamin Lee Whorf

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Whorf's hypothesis (linguistic determinism); the idea that people think differently in different languages

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Joseph Wolpe

answer

psychiatrist who refined Mary Cover Jones' (see her info above) technique into what has become the most widely used method of behavior therapy (exposure therapies) around 1954

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Wilhelm Wundt

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noticed that we unconsciously shape auditory patterns (ie. tick-tock sound of a clock)

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Thomas Young & Hermann von Helmholtz

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Young-Helmholtz tri-chromatic theory; they knew that any color could be created by combining the light waves of three primary colors—red, green, & blue—so they inferred that the eye must have three types of color receptors, one for each primary color of light

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