AP Psych Chapter 9 – Flashcards

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learning that persists over time indicates the existence of ___________________ for that learning
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memory
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memories for surprising, significant moments that are especially clear are called _________________ memories
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flashbulb
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human memory and computer memory can be viewed as
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information processing
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__________________ performs encoding, storage, and retrieval
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information processing
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classic model of memory
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three stage processing
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according to three stage processing model information is first recorded as a fleeting
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sensory memory
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after sensory memory it is processed into
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short term memory
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after sensory memory is processed into short term it is _______________ through rehearsal
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encoded
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short term memory is encoded into
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long term memory
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focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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working memory
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subsystems of working memory
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auditory and visual spacial
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working memory subsystems are coordinated by _________________ with the help of an _____________ processor
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central executive processor and episodic
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area of the brain active during complex thinking
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frontal lobe
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area of the brain active when auditory and visual information is in working memory
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parietal and temporal lobes
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encoding that does not require conscious attention or effort
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automatic processing
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encoding that requires attention and effort is called
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effortful processing
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_____________ boosts memory
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rehearsal
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pioneering researcher in verbal memory
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ebbinghaus
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______________ increases retention
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overlearning/ repetition
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having difficulty remembering the most recent word said
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next in line effect
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distributed rehearsal is more effective for retention
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spacing effect
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tendency to remember the first and last items in a list is called
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serial position effect
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following a delay the first items are remembered ___________ than last items
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better
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encoding the meaning of words
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semantic encoding
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encoding by sound
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acoustic encoding
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encoding the image of words
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visual encoding
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memory is best with
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semantic encoding
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recall of information that relates to ourselves is called
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self reference
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imagery is highly memorable and aids
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effortful processing
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memory for concrete nouns is facilitated when we encode them
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semantically and visually
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tendency to recall high points of pleasurable events illustrates
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rosy retrospection
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memory aids are known as
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mnemonic devices
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mnemonic device that forms association between a familiar series of locations and to be remembered words is called
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method of loci
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using a jingle is an example of the
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peg word system
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memory may be aided by grouping information into groups called
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chunks
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materials are processed into _____________________ which are composed of a few broad concepts divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts
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hierarchies
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stimuli from the environment are first recorded in
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sensory memory
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people have a brief ______________ memory lasting a few tenths of a second
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iconic
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sensory memory for sounds
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echoic memory
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echoic memory fades ________ rapidly than photographic lasting for 3 or 4 seconds
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less
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without ________________ short term memory is inhibited
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rehearsal and active processing
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short term memory capacity
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seven chunks of info
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short term memory capacity was discovered by
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George Miller
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short term memory is better for
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digits
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memory for information we hear is ____________ than information we see
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better
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short term recall is roughly as many words as one can speak in ____________________
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2 seconds
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the capacity of permanent memory is
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unlimited
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who electrically stimulated patients in a study that did not provide reliable evidence that our stored memories are precise and durable
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penfield
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who attempted to locate memory by cutting out pieces of rats' cortexes after they had learned a maze and concluded that no matter where he cut they would still remember
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karl lashley
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forgetting occurs because
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new experiences interfere
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physical memory trace __________ over time
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decays
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memory involves the strengthening of neural connection at the _______________ between neurons
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synapses
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Kandel and Schwartz discovered that when learning occurs in the sea snail the neurotransmitter ____________________ is released in greater amounts making synapses more efficient
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serotonin
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after learning has occurred, a sending neuron needs ________ prompting to fire and the number of ________________________ may increase this is called:
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less/ receptor sites/ long term potentiation
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blocking long term potentiation with _________ or genetic engineering can cause an absence of an enzyme and interfere with learning
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drugs
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when given a drug that enhances ___________ rats learn a maze faster
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LTP
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drugs that boost production of protein ___________ or neurotransmitter _______________ may enhance memory
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CREB and glutamate
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after LTP, electric current ______________ disrupt old memories and ______________ wipe out recent experiences
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will not/ will
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hormones released when excited or stressed _________________ learning and memory
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facilitate
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2 emotion processing clusters in the ___________________ in the brain's limbic system increase activity in memory forming areas
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amygdala
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drugs that block the effects of stress hormones _____________ memories of emotional events
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facilitate
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prolonged stress can cause a vital area for laying down memories to shrink
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hippocampus
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loss of memory
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amnesia
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is there a single unified system of memory
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no
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capacity for learning
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implicit memory
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amnesia victims have not lost their implicit memory; however, they do have trouble declaring their memory suggesting a deficit in their:
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explicit memory
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amnesia patients have typically suffered damage to the
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hippocampus of their limbic system
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the hippocampus is important to the processing and storage of
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explicit memory
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damage to the left of the hippocampus impairs
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verbal memory
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damage to the right of the hippocampus impairs memory for
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visual designs and locations
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damage to the rear of the hippocampus impairs
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spatial memory
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memories are temporarily stored in the
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hippocampus
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hippocampus is active during ___________________ while processing memories
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slow wave sleep
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recalling memory activates the
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frontal and temporal lobes
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cerebellum is important in processing of _________________ memories
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implicit
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damage to the cerebellum prevents
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eye blink conditioning
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damage to the amygdala prevents _____________ meaning it is important to the formation of implicit memories
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fear conditioning
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dual explicit implicit memory explains
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infantile amnesia
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we don't have explicit memories of our first 3 years because the : is one of the last to mature
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hippocampus
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ability to receive information not in conscious awareness
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recall
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easier to learn something if you have already ___________________ it
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learned
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process by which associations can lead to retrieval is
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priming
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best retrieval cues come from the associations at the time we ________________ a memory
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encode
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retention is best when learning and testing are done in _______________ contexts
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the same
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memory in which emotions serve as retrieval cues
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state dependent
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tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state are
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mood congruent
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people who are depressed view their parents as
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rejecting, punitive, and guilt promoting
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people who have recovered from depression view their parents the same as people who
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have never been depressed
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moods can influence how we ______________ other people's behavior
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interpret
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without the ability to ___________ we would constantly be overwhelmed by information
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forget
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schacter identified the seven sins of memory into 3 categories:
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the three sins of forgetting, distortion, and intrusion
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first type of forgetting is caused by
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encoding failure
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_________________ results because some of the information we sense never actually enters the memory system
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encoding failure
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age related memory decline is because the brain areas responsible for encoding are _______________ responsive in older adults
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less
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most forgetting occurs _________ after the material is learned, this is called: and is caused by:
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soon/ storage decay/ the fading of physical memory trace
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if we simultaneously learn similar new material memories can be lost due to
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interference
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the effect of previous learning on current learning is called
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proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of learning new material on efforts to recall material previously learned is called
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retroactive interference
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old info facilitates our learning of new information
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postive transfer
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motivated forgetting or ________________________ may protect a person from painful memories
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repression
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recall of events is often influenced by past experiences and present assumptions. this illustrates the process of memory
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construction
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when witnesses to an event receive misleading information about it, they experience ________________________ and misremember the event
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misinformation effect
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false memories can be created when people are induced to imagine nonexistent events, they later experience
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imagination inflation
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what is found at the heart of many false memories
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source amnesia
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source amnesia occurs when we
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misattribute an event to the wrong source
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researchers compare memories to perceptions to note how people's initial ____________________ of events influence their memories
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interpretations
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real memories have more
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details
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gist memories are more
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durable
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memory construction explains why what is inaccurate
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hypnosis
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memories of events before age _______ are unreliable, this is called
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3/ infantile amnesia
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memory is best understood as a cognitive and biological event as well as a
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social cultural phenomenon
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SQ3R =
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survey, question, read, rehearse, review
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motivated forgetting
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repression
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sensory memories of auditory stimuli
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echoic
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encoding of information according to its meaning
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semantic
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activating associations in order to retrieve a specific memory
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priming
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mental picutres
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imagery
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believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory
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LTP
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visual sensory memory
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iconic
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unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment
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flashbulb
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measure of retention that requires identifying previously learned material
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repression
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immediate, initial recording of information in memory
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sensory
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eyewitnesses incorporate misleading info into their memories
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misinformation
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processing that requires attention and work
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effortful
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type of memory of skills, preferences, and dispositions
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implicit
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encoding of info into memory according to its sound
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acoustic
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unconscious encoding of incidental information into memory
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automatic
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old knowledge interferes with new
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proactive interference
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permanent memory that is unlimited in capacity
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long term memory
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encoding that uses imagery to process information into memory
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visual
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false sense of having already experienced a situation
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deja vu
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