AP Psych Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus which ultimately leads to a conditioned response
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Classical conditioning
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Leaning from consequences (punishments or rewards) best illustrates __________
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Operant conditioning
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The process of learning associations
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Conditioning
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Conducted the first experimental studies of associative learning
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Ivan Pavlov
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John B. Watson was a __________
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Behaviorist
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The dog's salvation at the sight of a food dish is a _________
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Conditioned response
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The dog's salvation triggered by the taste of food was a ______________
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Unconditioned response
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The dog's salvation triggered by the sound of the tone was a _______________________
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Conditioned response
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Occurs when a subject responds to the the neutral stimulus thus making it a conditioned stimulus
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Acquisition
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In classical conditioning, the CS signals the impending occurrence of the _____
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US
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Occurs when a CS is no longer paired with a US
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Extinction
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The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR
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Spontaneous recovery
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The tendency for a CR to be evoked by a stimuli similar to the CS
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Generalization
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The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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Discrimination
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Involves cognitive porecesses
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Associative learning
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Would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS
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The cognitive perspective
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Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote _________
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Survival
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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that ______________
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Classical conditioning is constrained by biological predispositions
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Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how _____________
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Specific fears may be produced through classical conditioning
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Learning associations between one's personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to
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The process of operant conditioning
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B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called the ____________
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Law of effect
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A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
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A Skinner box
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When training an animal to do a trick, the researcher should _____________________________ in order to motivate the animal to respond favorably
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Reward successive approximations of that trick
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The process of reinforcing successfully closer approximations to a desired behavior
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Shaping
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A reward such as food or money
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Positive reinforce
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Will ability to escape an aversive stimulus such as an electric shock or a spanking
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Negative reinforce
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Primary reinforcer
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Food
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Secondary reinforcer
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Money
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Continuous reinforcement is used until the response is masters and then followed by a _________________
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Partial reinforcement schedule
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Partial reinforcement schedules include:
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Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ration, and variable interval
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An event that decreases the behavior that preceded it
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Punishment
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Negative reinforcers _____________ the rate of operant responding and punishments ____________ the rate of operant responding
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Increase; decrease
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Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of ______________
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Cognitive processes
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Mental representations
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Cognitive maps
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Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine _________________
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Intrinsic motivation
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B.F. Skinner believed human behavior is controlled primarily by ___________________
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External influnences
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Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both _________________ and __________________
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Shaping and immediate reinforcement
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The tendency for children to imitate behaviors of others
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Modeling
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An example of observational learning
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Bobo doll experiment
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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by ______________
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Imitating their parents
