Ap Psych Chapter 13
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Stress
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A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope. Ex: Too many school assignments and tests in one day.
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Health psychology
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The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors. Ex: How stress might effect the risk of heart attack.
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Biopsychosocial model
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The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Ex: Someone gains cancer because of their genes, too little stress, and strained family relationship.
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Stressors
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Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging. Ex: Going through a Divorce.
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Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
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Believed that any change in your normal lifestyle would cause a person stress. Ex: A mother being in a hospital because of a serious illness.
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale
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Holmes and Rahe Developed SRRS which included 43 life events that were all assigned a numerical rating to estimate the impact it had. Ex: Retirement: life change units=45
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Richard Lazarus
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Ordinary irritations in daily life are important sources of stress. Ex: Getting stuck in traffic will add stress to a person.
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Daily hassles
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Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people. Ex: Losing keys in your house.
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Conflict
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A situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals. Ex: If you should sleep or study for psych.
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Acculturative stress
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The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture. Ex: When a society doesn't accept diversity and ethnicity acculturative stress will increase.
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Integration
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A person who continues to value their own culture, but also seek to become part of the dominant society. Ex: Someone from china still practicing their religion but also celebrates christmas.
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Separation
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People who maintain their cultural identity and avoid contact with the new culture. Ex: People from india only dressing traditionally and not conforming to casual dress.
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Assimilation
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Involves the loss of one's previous cultural identity. A person who give up their old culture identity and try to become part of new society. Ex: People from china giving up their old religion and becoming christian to become part of society.
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Marginalization
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A person who lacks contact with both traditional cultural groups and the culture of new society. Ex: Someone from france who doesn't continue on french traditions but also doesn't pick up american ones.
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Walter Cannon
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Researched stress during trauma and recognized that the adrenal glands mobilize the body's resources in response to threatening circumstances. Also discovered fight or flight involves both endocrine system and nervous system (Homeostasis) Ex: When a person is robbing a house someone will fight or flight and after their body will return to homeostasis.
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Fight-or-flight response
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A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people either to fight or take flight from an immediate threat. Ex: Man tries to rob lady of purse and lady fights back. (Example of fight)
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Catecholamines
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Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal; include adrenaline and noradrenaline. Ex: Sarah hears a loud crash down stairs in the kitchen the catecholamines trigger body changes to start fight or flight. Turns out it was just her cat and it subsides after 20 to 60 min.
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Hans Selye
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Rats exposed to prolonged stressors, such as electric shock or extreme heat or cold. Found that first the adrenal gland becomes enlarged. Then there are stomach ulcers and loss of weight. Lastly, shrinking of the thymus gland and lymph glands key components of the immune system. Ex: He sound that rats were dying because of prolonged stress.
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General adaptation syndrome
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Selye's term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Ex: A person can die if they reach the stage of exhaustion and go through it long enough because their body just shuts down.
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Alarm stage
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Intense arousal occurs as the body mobilizes internal physical resources to meet the demands of the stress-producing event. Ex: Big test coming up so the body prepares to go through the stress of studying and staying up late.
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Resistance stage
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The body actively tried to resist adjust to the continuing stressful situation Ex: Teachers are piling up work and you are working so hard every night and your body is trying to continue to ease the stress.
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Exhaustion stage
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Symptoms or alarm stage reappear, only now irreversibly. The body's energy reserves become depleted, adaption begins to break down, leading to exhaustion, psychical disorders, and, potentially, death. Ex: A person comes to this stage they are at risk for death.
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Corticosteroids
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Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body's response to long term stressors. Ex: They can reduce inflammation or body tissues and enhance muscle tone in the heart and blood vessels.
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Immune system
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Bodys system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. Ex: When a person is sick their immune system helps attack the virus.
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Lymphocytes
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Specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses. Ex: These are the specific white blood cells that fight off a virus in an ill body.
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Robert Ader
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Demonstrated that by repeatedly pairing flavored water with a drug that suppressed immune system functioning the flavored water alone could suppress the immune system. Ex: The rats in the lab kept dying because they would see the water and their immune system would start to shut down.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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An interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system. Ex: Learning in this field that the central nervous system and the immune system are directly linked by sympathetic nervous system fibers.
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Janice Keicolt-Glaser
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Collected immunological and psychological data from medical students. Students several times each academic year face 3 day examination periods. They found that even the rather commonplace stress of exams adversely affects the immune system. Ex: Students agreed to have two puncture wounds to the top of their mouth one during summer vacation and one during finial exams. It was shown that the wound took longer to heal when under the stress of finial exams.
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Martin Seligman
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People characteristically explain their failures and defeats in different ways which makes people different. Ex: Optimistic might say it was because they didnt study hard enough for the test.
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Optimistic explanatory style
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Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations. Ex: \"I was in a bad mood that day, the test was odd, and had information that was not on the review sheet\"
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Pessimistic explanatory style
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Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations. Ex: \"I am not very smart anyways this always happens to me I'm bad in every class\"
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Type A behavior pattern
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A behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness. Ex: People who are always on the edge of being upset. It is said they are higher at risk for heart problems.
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Social support
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The response provided by other people in times of need. Ex: \"I am just panicking about college what should I do?\" \"Just relax and get excited about college and try and visit some colleges\"
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Coping
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Behavioral and cognitive response used to deal with stressors; involved our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretation or circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening. Ex: Having a house fire and losing everything and thinking \"At least everyone is safe and we didnt lose a person\"
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Problem-focused coping
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Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor. Ex: Having a house fire and thinking of ways to restart your house.
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Confrontive coping
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When people use aggressive or risky efforts to change the situation. Ex: When a guy hits on Toms girlfriend tom decides to go talk to this guy and tell him to back off.
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Planful problem solving
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Efforts to rationally analyze the situation, identify potential solutions, and them implement them. Ex: When getting rear ended both drivers try to figure out information and analyze the situation to see if the damage is bad.
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Emotion-focused coping
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Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation. Ex: After a hurricane and losing your house knowing you are not alone and you are not the only one who has to start over.
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Escape-avoidance
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Escaping stress and coping with an experience by redirecting attention to another activity. Ex: People who work out or take dance classes to help the coping process.
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Seeking social support
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Turning to friends, relatives, or other people for emotional, tangible, or informational support. Ex: Talking to a friend about a death of a parent to get emotional support.
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Distancing
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Acknowledge the stressor but attempt to minimize or eliminate its emotional impact. Ex: knowing you have a test the next day and in order to help you calm down you play xbox.
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Denial
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Refusal to acknowledge that the problem even exists. Ex: This is when people have an intervention with a family member or friend about a serious problem.
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Positive reappraisal
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Trying to minimize the negative emotional aspects of a situation, but also trying to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth. Ex: After a death of a friend realizing how many people that friend touched during their lives and how many people loved them.
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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Faced with a choice between two equally appealing outcomes. Ex: \"Should I go to JMU or VT\"
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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A goal that has both desirable and undesirable aspects. Ex: \"Should I stay up and study and maybe do well on the test or should I sleep and then do well on the quiz\" ?
