question

What might be natures most important gift to us?

answer

Adaptability

question

Adaptability

answer

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances

question

Learning

answer

A relatively permanent chance in an organisms behavior due to experience

question

What are three types of learning

answer

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

question

What did Locke and Hume say about how we learn?

answer

We learn by association

question

Habituation

answer

An organism's decreasing espouse to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

question

Associative learning

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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it's consequences (as in operant conditioning)

question

The process of learning associations

answer

Conditioning

question

Who explored classical conditioning?

answer

Ivan Pavlov

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Classical conditioning

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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

question

Behaviorism

answer

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with one but not two

question

Who discovered behaviorism

answer

Watson and pavlov

question

Neutral stimulus

answer

Something that can be seen or heard but is not associated with the unconditioned stimulus

question

Unconditioned response

answer

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation)

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Unconditioned stimulus

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Unconditionally (naturally or automatically) triggers a response (food)

question

Conditioned response

answer

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

question

Conditioned stimulus

answer

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

question

Conditioned= Unconditioned=

answer

Learned Unlearned

question

What are the five major conditioning processes?

answer

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

question

Acquisition

answer

In classical conditioning, The initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

question

Conditioning helps animals _____ and _____.

answer

Survive and reproduce by responding to clues that help it gain food, avoid danger, etc

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Higher-order conditioning

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A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus (light associates with sound)

question

Extinction

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The diminishing of a classical conditioned response. Occurs in CC when the US does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

question

Spontaneous recovery

answer

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Generalization

answer

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to the CS to elicit similar responses.

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Discrimination

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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

question

Expectancy

answer

An awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur

question

The more predictable the association, the _______.

answer

Stronger the conditioned response

question

Learned helplessness

answer

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events

question

What are the two important things to think about when using classical conditioning?

answer

Cognitive process and biological predispositions

question

Who tested biological predispositions in classical conditioning?

answer

Garcia

question

Biological constraints

answer

Readiness to learn adaptive associations such as taste aversions

question

Biological influences on learning

answer

Genetic predispositions, unconditioned responses, adaptive responses

question

Psychological influences on learning

answer

Previous experience, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination

question

Social cultural influences on learning

answer

Culturally learned preferences, motivation affected by presence of others

question

What is one way that ALL animals learn to adapt to their environment?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

What is Pavlov's work important?

answer

Teaches us 1) many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms 2) showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively

question

Classical conditioning forms associations between

answer

two stimuli and involves respondent behavior

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Respondent behavior

answer

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

question

Operant conditioning forms associations between

answer

Self actions and consequences and involves operant behaviors

question

Operant conditioning

answer

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if follows by a punisher

question

Operant behavior

answer

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

question

Who worked with operant conditioning?

answer

Skinner

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Law of effect

answer

Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable responses become less likely

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Operant chamber

answer

A chamber (aka Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

question

Shaping

answer

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and loser approximations of the desired behavior

question

Successive approximation

answer

Get closer and closer to bar, touch bar, press bar

question

Discriminative stimulus

answer

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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Reinforcer

answer

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens that behavior follows

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Positive reinforcement

answer

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as nagging. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

question

Negative reinforcement is

answer

Not punishment

question

Primary reinforcers

answer

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

question

Conditioned reinforcers

answer

A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, aka secondary reinforcer

question

Do humans respond to delayed reinforcers?

answer

Yes (pay check at end of week, grades at semester)

question

How do humans react to immediate reinforcers?

answer

Immediate consequences that feel good are more alluring than delayed consequences that are bad

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Continuous reinforcement

answer

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; extinction is easy

question

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

answer

Reinforcing a response only part o the time. Results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction

question

Fixed- ratio schedule

answer

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses (high rate of responding)

question

Variable-ratio schedules

answer

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (high rate of responding, high tolerance of extinction)

question

Fixed interval schedule

answer

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified amount of time has elapsed (rapid responding near time)

question

Variable interval schedules

answer

In OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

question

Punishment

answer

An event that decreases the behavior that follows

question

4 drawbacks of physically punishing children

answer

Punished behavior is supressed, not forgotten Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can teach fear May increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems

question

Positive punishment

answer

Give a bad stimulus (spank)

question

Negative punishment

answer

Take away a desire able stimulus (take away license, time with friends)

question

Cognitive map

answer

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment. For example after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

question

Latent learning

answer

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Insight

answer

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

question

Intrinsic motivation

answer

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for it's own sake

question

Extrinsic motivation

answer

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

question

How do biological predispositions affect operant conditioning?

answer

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

question

Intrinsic shift

answer

Animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns

question

Applications of operant conditioning

answer

School-teaching machines to teach at own pace Sports-gradually move further away, superstitions Work-reward achievable behaviors and reward immediately Home-time out, encourage Self-improvement- states goal in measurable terms, monitor how often you engage in ur desired behavior, reinforce the desired behavior, reduce the rewards gradually

question

Basic idea-compare

answer

C- learn associations between events they don't control O-learn associations between their behavior and resulting events

question

Response-compare

answer

C-involuntary, automatic O-voluntary, operates on environment

question

Acquisition-compare

answer

C- associating events, CS announces US O- associating response with consequence

question

Extinction-compare

answer

C- CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone O- responding decreases when reinforcement stops

question

Spontaneous recovery-compare

answer

C- the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR O- the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response

question

Generalization-compare

answer

C-The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS O-organisms responses to similar stimuli are also reinforced

question

Discrimination-compare

answer

C-the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US O-organisms learn that certain responses,but not others, will be reinforced

question

Cognitive processes-compare

answer

C-organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US O-organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced of punished; they also exhibit latent learning without reinforcement

question

Biological predispositions-compare

answer

C-natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated O-organisms best learn behaviors similar to the natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back towards natural ones

question

Observational learning

answer

Learning by observing others. Aka social learning

question

Modeling

answer

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

question

Mirror neurons

answer

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

question

Theory of mind

answer

To feel others empathy and infer another's mental state (yawning)

question

Who worked with observational learning?

answer

Bandura

question

Pro social behavior

answer

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

question

Antisocial behavior

answer

Negative, destructive behavior. Opposite of pro social behavior

question

Violence viewing effect

answer

After viewing a film with violence, especially without punishment, people are more violent (correlation not causation)

question

What two factors cause the violence viewing effect

answer

Imitation-imitate what's seen Desensitize-prolonged exposure makes it seem not to bad

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