A&P I Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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studies the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another
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anatomy
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studies the function of the body
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physiology
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subdivision of microscopic anatomy that considers the cells of the body
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cytology
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subdivision of microscopic anatomy that studies the tissues of the body
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histology
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states that function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form
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Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
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What are the 6 levels of structural complexity in order?
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Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
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items associated with the chemical level
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atoms and molecules
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items associated with the cellular level
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organelles and smooth muscle cell
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item associated with the tissue level
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smooth muscle tissue
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item associated with the organ level
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blood vessel (organ)
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items associated with the organ system level
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blood vessels, heart, cardiovascular system
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items associated with the organismal level
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many organ systems
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ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
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homeostasis
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shuts off the original stimulus or reduces intensity; cause variable to change in opposite direction; return to ideal value
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negative feedback
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enhances original stimulus so that response is accelerated; proceeds in the same direction as initial change; deviates further from original value
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positive feedback
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What is standard anatomical position?
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erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward and thumbs point away from the body
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toward the head end or upper part of body; above
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superior (cranial)
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away from the head end or toward the lower part of body; below
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inferior (caudal)
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toward or at the front of the body
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anterior (ventral)
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toward or at the back of the body
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posterior (dorsal)
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toward or at the midline of the body; inner side of
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medial
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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lateral
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between a more medial and lateral structure
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intermediate
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closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
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proximal
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farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
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distal
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toward or at the body surface
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superficial (external)
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away from the body surface
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deep (internal)
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major subdivisions of anatomy
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gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy
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necessary life functions?
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nutrients, water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
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vertical plane exactly in the midline that divides the body into right and left parts
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median (midsagittal) plane
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divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
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frontal (coronal) plane
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runs horizontally from left to right; dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
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transverse plane
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Form the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D, and houses pain and pressure (cutaneous) receptors and sweat and oil glands
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Integumentary system
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Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within the bones. Bones store minerals.
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Skeletal system
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat
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Muscular system
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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
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Nervous system
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by the body cells
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Endocrine system
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood.
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Cardiovascular system
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
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Lymphatic system
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Mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
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Immune system
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
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Respiratory system
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
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Digestive system
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
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Urinary system
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Includes head, neck, and trunk
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Axial part
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Includes appendages or limbs that are attached to the body's axis
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Appendicular part
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Lines the pericardial cavity; folds back to form the visceral pericardium
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Parietal pericardium
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Covers the heart
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Visceral pericardium
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Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
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Parietal pleurae
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Covers lungs
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Visceral pleurae
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Lines walls of abdominopelvic cavity
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Parietal peritoneum
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Covers the organs
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Visceral peritoneum
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Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?
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Microscopic
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From simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before the cell?
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Organelle
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Tissues join together to form what?
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Organs
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Which system functions only within the body?
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Circulatory system
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Which organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes?
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Digestive, circulatory, respiratory
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Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes?
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Metabolism
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Expiration is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. What is this an example of?
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Excretion of metabolic waste
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Prevention of water loss is a necessary life function that would best fit in which category?
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Maintaining boundaries
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Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
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Responsiveness or excitability
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Used for changes in blood glucose levels
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Negative feedback
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Used for changes in blood pressure
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Negative feedback
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Used for blood clotting
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Positive feedback
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Used for child birth
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Positive feedback
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Considered the cause of most diseases
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Homeostatic imbalance
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Using anatomical terminology, describe the location of a bruise on the front right lower leg
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Anterior, distal to knee
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Why is anatomical position important?
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It allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships
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The fingers are ____ to the wrist
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Distal
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The lungs are ____ to the heart
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Lateral
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The bridge of the nose is ____ to the left eye
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Medial
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The upper arm is ____ to the forearm
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Proximal
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The stomach is ____ to the spine
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Anterior
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Which directional terms is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles?
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Superficial
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Any sagittal plane except in the midline
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Parasagittal
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The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in which cavity?
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Dorsal
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What does the ventral cavity consist of?
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Thoracic, abdominopelvic
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What does the dorsal cavity consist of?
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Cranial, vertebral
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What is the role of the serous membrane covering some organs?
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To prevent friction between the organ and the body cavity wall
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What is the function of serous fluid?
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It enables organs to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction
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A disorder in which pain is experienced in which cavity?
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Thoracic
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Why is it wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology?
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Physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy
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Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities?
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Thoracic
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What does insulin control?
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Blood sugar
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Double-layered membrane that has folded back on itself
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Serous membrane
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Which organ systems function as control systems, communication with other cels and organs to regulate their activities?
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Nervous and endocrine
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Which organ is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident?
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Urinary bladder
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Structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body
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Organ
