AP Human Geography Vocabulary Chapter 11 (manufacturing and industry) – Eilise – Flashcards

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Acid desposition
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Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere- where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface
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acid precipitation
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rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water
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agglomeration
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a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities; refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.
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air pollution
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Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air
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ancillary activities
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economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food service
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anthropocentric
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human-centered; in sustainable development, this word refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of people without considering the creatures with whom we share the planet or the ecosystem upon which we depend
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apparel
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an article of clothing
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assembly line
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Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.
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backwash effect
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the negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region
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biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
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the amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution
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basic industry
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Industries that produce goods and services for sale outside the region.
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break-of-bulk
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a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another
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brick-and-mortar business
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traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs; it does not exist solely on the Internet
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brownfield
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a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant.
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bulk-gaining industry
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industries whose products weigh more than the raw materials
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bulk-reducing industry
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industries whose products weigh less than the raw materials
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captial
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Wealth (in terms of money or property) owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, or corporation.
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chlorofluorocarbon
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A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers
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complementarity
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when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other's demands.
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conglomerate corporation
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companies that have diversified into various economic activities usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions
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cottage industry
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manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial revolution
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deglomeration
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the dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.
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deindustrialization
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process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
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developement
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the process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential
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export processing zone
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areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries
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economies of scale
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Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production.
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fast world
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areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies
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ferrous
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metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel
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footloose industry
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industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms
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"fordism" (post-fordism)
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system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford
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foreign investment
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overseas business investments made by private companies
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greenhouse effect
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warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
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industrial inertia
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The refusal of a company to leave its original location even when the reasons that made the location suitable or advantageous have disappeared.
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industrial revolution
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the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850
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industrialization
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the development of industries for the machine production of goods
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infrastructure
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the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area
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just-in-time delivery
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shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
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labor-intensive industry
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fiber-spinning, weaving, or cutting and sewing of locations where labor costs are low
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least-cost theory
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a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration
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least developed countries
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those countries including countries in Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living
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location theory
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a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated
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maquiladoras
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a factory built by a U.S company in Mexico near the U.S border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico
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manufacturing region
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a region which manufacturing activities have clustered together
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mass production
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The production or manufacture of goods in large quantities.
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new international division of labor
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transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
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nonbasic industry
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Industries that produces goods or services that are consumed locally.
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nonferrous
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metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel
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nonpoint-source pollution
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pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area
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offshore financial center
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areas that have specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance
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outsourcing
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a decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
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ozone
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a gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above earth's surface
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photochemical smog
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an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions
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point-source pollution
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pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source
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primary industry
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uses natural resources or raw materials; provides raw material to use for other things
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raw materials
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Unfinished goods consumed by a manufacturer in providing finished goods.
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renewable resources
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any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of human life
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right-to-work law
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A U.S law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment
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sanitary landfill
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a place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin
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site characteristics (factors)
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location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital
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situation characteristics (factors)
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location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
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secondary industry
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manufacturing raw materials into refined materials
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slow world
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the developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology
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spatially fixed costs
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an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located
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spatially variable costs
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an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs
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specialty goods
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goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities
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sustainable development
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the idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same
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textile
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a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
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transnational corporation
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large corporations that are headquartered in one country but sell and produce goods and services in many countries
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varignon frame
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A system of weights and pulleys used to help determine the optimum location of a production facility.
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vertical integration
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an approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
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Weber, Alfred
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developed a model for the location of secondary industries
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