AP Human Geography-Urban Characteristics and Services – Flashcards
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service
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any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
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consumer services
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businesses that provide services primarily to individual customers
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business services
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services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses
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public services
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services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
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clustered rural settlement
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a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
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dispersed rural settlement
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a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
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enclosure movement
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the process of consolidating small farms/landholdings into a smaller number of large farms in England during the 19th century.
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settlement
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a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants
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central place
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a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
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central place theory
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a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to go further.
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market area (hinterland)
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the area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
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Range
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the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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Threshold
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the minimum number of people needed to support a service
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gravity model
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states that the optimal location is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
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rank-size rule
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a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
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primate city rule
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states that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the 2nd ranking settlement.
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primate city
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the largest city in a country following this distribution
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basic industries
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export primarily to consumers who live outside of the settlement
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nonbasic industries
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enterprises whose customers live in the same community; essentially consumer services
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economic base
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a community's unique collection of basic industries
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central business district (CBD)
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the center of a city; downtown
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city-state
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an independent, self-governing community that included the settlement and the nearby countryside
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urbanization
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an increase in the number of people living in urban settlements (by sheer number and percentage)
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urbanized area
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a central city and its contiguous suburbs
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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
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in the US, a central city of at least 50,000 in population, the county within the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of the several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
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micropolitan statistical area
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urbanized areas between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county within it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city
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concentric zone model (burgess' model)
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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
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sector model (hoyt's model)
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a model of the internal structure of cities, in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the CBD
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multiple nuclei model (harris and ullman)
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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around nodes of activity
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census tracts
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an area delineated by the US Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas these correctly correspond (roughly) to neighborhoods
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squatter settlements
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an area within a city in an LDC in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
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filtering
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the subdivision of homes and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people
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redlining
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drawing lines on a map to identify an area in which a bank will not loan money
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urban renewal
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program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, residents, and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turning land over to private developers
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public housing
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housing owned by the government; in the US, it is rented to residents with low incomes and the rent is set at 30% of the families' income
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gentrification
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a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class, owner occupied area.
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underclass
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a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics
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annexation
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the process of legally adding land area to a city
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peripheral model
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a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
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edge city
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a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area
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density gradient
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change in density in an urban area from center to periphery
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sprawl
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development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
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zoning ordinances
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laws that limit the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a country
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rush hour (peak hour)
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4 consecutive 15 minute periods of the heaviest traffic
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council of government
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cooperative agency consisting of representatives of the various local governments in the region
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smart growth
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includes legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
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greenbelt
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ring of open space
