Ap Human Geography Unit 7 Vocabulary Answers – Flashcards
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Agglomeration
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Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources
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Agglomeration Economies
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AKA - External Economies Positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for the consumers of their products, often in the form of lower costs to industries and the consumers
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Aluminum Industry (factors of production, location)
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Massive charges of electricity are required to extract aluminum from its processed raw material, aluminum oxide. Electrical power amounts for between 30% and 40% of the cost of producing the aluminum and is the major variable cost influencing plant location in the industry. The Kitimat plant on the west coast of Canada or the Bratsk plant near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia are examples of industry placed far from raw material sources or market but close to vast supplies of cheap power--- in these instances, hydroelectricity
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Assembly Line production/ Fordism
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System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford
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Bid Rent
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Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
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Break-of-bulk Point
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A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets
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Carrier Efficiency
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The ratio of output to input for a given carrier
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Comparative Advantages
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the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers
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Core-Periphery Model
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A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region
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Deglomeration
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The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration
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Deindustrialization
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Lose of industrial activity in an region
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Economic Sectors
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The primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors
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Economies of Sale
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Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production
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Entrepot
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A trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties.
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Export-Processing Zone
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Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries
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Fixed Cost
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Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
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Footloose Firms/Industry
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Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm
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Four Tigers
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Four Asian Tigers refers to the economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea, aka, Asia's Four Little Dragons.
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Growth Poles
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Economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole
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Industrial Location Theory
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By Alfred Weber, an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum
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Industrial Regions (place, fuel source, characteristics)
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1. North America 2. Europe 3. East Asia
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Industrial Revolution
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The rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century
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Infrastructure
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Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools
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International Division of Labor
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Selective transfer of skilled jobs in MDCs to LDCs that still allows skilled jobs to exist in MDCs
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Labor-Intensive Industry
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Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense
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Least-Cost Location/Theory
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A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration
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Major Manufacturing Regions
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A region which manufacturing activities have clustered together US: North (Chicago, NYC, etc)
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Manufacturing/Warehouse Location (industrial parks, agglomeration, shared services, zoning, transportation, taxes, environmental considerations)
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A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations
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Maquiladora
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Those US firms that have factories just outside the US/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government
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Market Orientation
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The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
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Outsouring
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Sending industrial processes out for external production
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Plant Location (supplies, "just-in-time" delivery)
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Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
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Postindustrial
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A stage of economic development in which service activities become relatively more important than goods production; professional and technical employment supersedes employment in agriculture and manufacturing; and level of living is defined by the quality of services and amenities rather than by the quantity of goods available
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Resource Orientation
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Tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources
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Special Economic Zones (China)
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(SEZ) - Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
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Specialized Economic Zones
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Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.
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Threshold/Range
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The minimum number of people needed to support the service/The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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Time-Space Compression
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An influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases
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Trade (complementarity)
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Exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands
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Transnational Corporation
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A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
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Ubiquitous
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Present, appearing, or found everywhere
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Variable Costs
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Costs that change directly with the amount of production
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Alfred Weber
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Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization
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Weight-Gaining (Bulk-Gaining Industry)
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An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
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Weight-Losing (Bulk-Reducing Industry)
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An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the input
