Ap Human Geography Unit 2 Flashcard
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Demography
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Scientific study of human populations.
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Arithmetic Population Density
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the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area
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Physiologic Density
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the number of people per unit area of arable land.
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The Ecumene
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greco-roman; the inhabited universe
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Major population clusters of the world
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East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America
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Why women have fewer children in the US today?
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Birth control, women have more independence, more opportunities in the USA, knowledge = self sufficient power
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Relationship btwn. Urban Areas and Population Growth
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areas attract the most people (jobs, technology, diversity, central locations); contributes to the overall population of the general area
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Most densely populated part of the USA?
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Northeast (NY, MA, etc.)
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State in the USA with the higest NIR(Natural Increase Rate)
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Utah
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Slowest Growth Regions of USA
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Central USA (Montana, Wyomming, North Dakota etc.)
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Carrying Capacity
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Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) highest and lowest in world?
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The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. highest: Africa (35 or more) lowest: Canada, Austrailia, Russia (Under 15)
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Population Pyramids: Slow Growth, Declining Pop., Modern Nations, Developing Nations, Echo Boom
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square, upside down pyramid, lopsided vase, pyramid (poorer countries), large bottom
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Echo Boom
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the generation born after the baby boomers; the "echo" of a generation boom (1980s-1990s)
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Clustered Populations
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A population distribution in which many people live in a small area of closely spaced houses or communities. Many people in a very small area. Population grows at a linear rate in size and land occupation. Population that is small but over a very large area.
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Linear Populations
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population growth and nutrition/food supply closely relate (like Thomas Malthus)
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Dispersed Population
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a population is spread apart; usually in arable land areas or around big cities
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Dependency Ratio
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The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force.
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J-Curve Growth Rate
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the curve initially falls but then rises to a higher than starting point.
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Rapid Rate of Global Population Growth
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5.5 billion in 200 yrs; global growth rate: 1.4%; doubling time
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Estimates of Population Growth in 50 years
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will have doubled (doubling rate)
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Calculate the total change in a countries population
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The amount of people being born plus the amount of people immigrating to the country minus the amount of people dying and the amount of people leaving the country.
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
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The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
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CBR (Crude Birth Rate)
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the number of live births per year per thousand people in the population
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CDR (Crude Death Rate)
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the number of deaths per year per thousand people in the population
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Fertility Rates
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must be at 2.1% growth for a complete population replacement
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Demographic Momentum
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this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
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Male-Female Sex Ratio
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the number of males per 100 females; generally more males than females in almost every country
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Thomas Malthus
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(early 1800s) worried about population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly.
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Neo-Malthusian Theory
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Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population bomb because the world's population was outpacing food production.
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Life Expectancy
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A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
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Demographic Transition in England first?
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Industrial Rev. in Great Britain led to a "model" of demographic transition so they created the one we know today based off of this
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Anti-Natalist Policy
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A population policy designed to limit fertility through the use both of incentives and deterrents
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Natalist Policy
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promotes child bearing and glorifies parenthood-attempts to increase fertility rates
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Zero Population Growth
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A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. The areas population growth remains stable.
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Natural Increase
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population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements. Crude death rate subtracted from crude birth rate.
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Voluntary Migration
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Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
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Ravenstein's Law of Migration
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1. most migrants go only a short distance. 2. longer-distance migration favors big city destinations. 3. most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. most migration is rural to urban. 5. each migration flow produces a counterflow. 6. most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. most international migrants are young males.
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Emigration
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Migration from a location. Leaving a population.
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Push and Pull Factors
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1. Economic Conditions 2. Political Circumstances 3. Armed Conflict and Civil War 4. Environmental Conditions 5. Culture and Traditions 6. Technological Advances
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Largest source of migration to USA today?
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CENTRAL AMERICA (& Asia/Europe)
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Urban Ethnic enclaves
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ethnic community which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area, it may be a neighborhood, an area or an administrative division based on ethnic groups
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Intervening Opportunity
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reduces attractiveness of more distant locations
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Refugees
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People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Used to have to folllow quotas.
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Where is the USA population moving?
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Southwest (TX, AZ, CA)
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Brain Drain
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From 1965-2000, highly skilled and intelligent immigrants were allowed to enter the U.S. This was known as the...
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Transhumance
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a system of pastoral farming where families and their crops move with their herds due to seasons and weather (type of periodic movement)
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Cyclic Movement
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Movement, for example: nomadic migration, that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.
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Undocumented Workers
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laborers who enter the country without legal permission but are legal immigrants; have short term work visas and send remittances to home country
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Why do illegal immigrants come to the US?
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jobs and better education to lead to better opportunites-push and pull factors
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Bracero Program
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United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.
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Obstacles to international migration
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Governments interference (quotas and selective immmigration), terrain, environmental obstacles, cultural differences such as language
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Step Migration
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Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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Chain Migration
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Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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Immigration vs. Emigration
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Immigration occurs when individuals enter a population, increasing the size of the population. Emigration occurs when individuals leave a population, therefore decreasing the population's size.
