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Human geography

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The study of people AND places.... how we make places how we organize space in society.... how we interact with each other and places and across spaces.... how we make sense of others and ourselves and our locations regions & in the world....

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Physical geography

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The study of Earth's physical and biological systems

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Environmental geography

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The study of the interaction between human geography and physical geography

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Medical geography

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The study of sources, diffusion, and distribution of diseases

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Spatial

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Relating to space

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Spatial distribution

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The way things are laid out and organize on the surface of the earth

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Spatial perspective

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Way of identifying, explaining, and predicting the spatial distribution of human activities

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Spatial scale

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Hierarchy of spaces: local, regional, national, and global

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Eratosthenes

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3rd century B.C. • Head librarian in Alexandria who coined the term geography • One of the first cardiographers • Computed the earth circumference

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Ptolemy

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• 2nd century A.D. • Published guide to geography (map of the landmasses a grid system)

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Age of exploration

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Time period (A.D. 1400s) when explorers traveled the Earth, mapping landforms (Bartolomeu Dias, Christopher Columbus, Vasco de Gamma, Ferdinand Magellan)

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George Perkins marsh

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• A.D. 1865 • wrote the first description of the impact of man on the environment and warned that people's willful destruction of the environment could have disastrous effects

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Carl Sauer

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•A.D. 1927 • propose that the focus of geographic inquiry should be the relationship between humans and the environment AND developed the idea of cultural landscape which is the visible imprint of human activity other natural landscape

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W. D. Pattinson

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• A.D. 1927 • created 4 distinctive, but affiliated traditions associated with Geography

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Wilbur Zelinsky's perceptual regions

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•A.D. 1980 • divided the US into vernacular regions based on perceived cultural characteristics

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Location

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Describes the position of people and things on earth surface

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Absolute location

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Describes the process location of a place using the earth graticule (longitude & latitude)

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Relative location

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Describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features

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Human environment interaction

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Describes the ways humans modify or adapt to the natural world

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Place

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Describes an area of the surface of Earth with distinguishing human and physical characteristics

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Region

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Describes an area on earth marked by similarity in someway

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Formal region

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Region marked by homogeneity

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Functional region

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Region marked by activities that occur

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Perceptual (vernacular) region

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Region that exists as an idea

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Movement

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Describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas move from place to place

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Map

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Drawing or visual representation of an area

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Map distortion

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All maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3 dimensional surface onto a 2 dimensional surface generally, usually area, distance, shape, and/or direction

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Map projection

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A way to transfer the 3 dimensional Earth onto a 2 dimensional map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

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Azimuthal (planar) projection

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Map projection onto a plane

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Conical projection

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Map projection onto a cone

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Compromise cylindrical projection

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Map projection onto a cylinder

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Mercator projection

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Compromise projection that preserves accurate compass direction but distorts the shapes of the continents at the poles

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Robinson projection

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Compromise projection commonly used in textbooks that is an attempt to balance projection by minimizing errors and shows the entire earth with nearly the true sizes and shapes of the continents and oceans but shapes of the landforms near the poles appear flat

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Homolosine projection

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Compromise projection that is also called an interrupted map and shows accurate shapes and sizes of land but distorts compass direction

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Peters projection

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Compromise projection with accurate area of land and water but distorts shape

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Thematic maps

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Maps used to display specific types of information (theme) pertaining to an area

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Cartogram

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Thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space e.g. world population

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Isoline map

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Thematic map with continuous lines joining points of the same values e.g. temperature

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Chloropleth map

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Thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data e.g. population of states

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Dot Density map

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Thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence e.g. urban population

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Proportional symbols map

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Thematic Map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data e.g. urban population

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Fuller projection

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Map projected onto the surface of a polyhedron that maintains accurate size and shape of landmasses but distorts compass direction

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Reference Maps

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Maps used to show landforms and or places

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Physical map

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Reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains rivers and oceans

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Political map

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Reference map that shows political boundaries e.g. countries cities capitals etc.

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G I S geographic information system

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Map ppcreated by a computer I can in that can combine layers of spatial data

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G P S (global positioning satellite)

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Satellite-based global positioning system used to locate things on earth

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Remote sensing

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Collect data with instruments that are distant from the area of study

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Perception of place

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Belief or understanding about a place developed through books, media, pictures

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Mental map

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Image of the way a place is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of the space

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Tobler's first law of geography

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"Everything is related to everything else, but near the things are more related to each other the distance things"

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Friction of distance

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The idea that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome

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Distance decay

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The idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance

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Globalization

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The process by increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

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Time space convergence(Donald Janelle)

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Term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations

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Time space compression (David Harvey)

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Term that refers to the social and physiological effects of living in a world in which time space convergence has reached a high level of intensity promoting the feeling that the world is "shrinking"

Ap Human Geography Unit 1 Vocab Flashcard

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