AP Human Geography Semester 1 – Flashcards
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supranationalism
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Term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives
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conference of Berlin
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meeting of 14 mostly European countries on how to divided up Africa amongst themselves disregarding African input or ethnic groups
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devolution
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the decentralization of a government from a unitary to a federal system or a fracturing of a government like Balkanization.
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domino theory
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A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
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demography
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scientific study of population characteristics
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overpopulation
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number of people exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment
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census
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every 10 years, pop survey, what reapportionment is based off of for congress
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world population cluster
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east Asia- china, japan etc; south Asia- India etc; Europe; to a lesser extent southeast Asia. Clusters her because of good geography, temperature, resources, etc
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ecumene
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portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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arithmetic density
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total number objects in an area
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physiological density
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number people supported by a unit of arable land
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agricultural density
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ration number of farmers to the amount of arable land
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j-curve
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exponential growth
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s-curve
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boom and bust growth
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crude death rate
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number deaths per 1000 people alive
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crude birth rate
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number births per 1000 people alive
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natural increase rate
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percentage by which a population grows each year
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total fertility rate
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average number of kids of a woman through her childbearing years
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infant mortality rate
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number of deaths of infants under age 1 compared with total
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doubling time
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the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size at a constant rate
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mortality
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death
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arable land
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farmable, food sustainable land
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total increase rate
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includes migration and illegal immigrants and such
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pro-natal policy
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pro- babies. Government steps to encourage reproduction. Can include cash bonuses, tax incentives, long paid maternity leave etc
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anti-natal policy
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anti-babies. Government steps taken to discourage reproduction. Can include fines, no paid maternity leave, forced sterilization, high costs for children etc
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demographic transition model
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identifies world states in different states base on population growth
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core countries
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Developed and control most of the worlds wealth and production methods. Ex: USA, most of Europe, Japan. Economic powers
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peripheral countries
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Developing nations Ex: most of Latin America, Africa, and Asia
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cohort
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population group that is distinguished by a certain characteristic, categorizes a bulge
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sex ratio
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number of males per 100 females in a population
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dependency ratio
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number of people too young or old to work compared to th number of people in reproductive years
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life expectancy
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average number of years a newborn can live at current mortality levels
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industrial revolution
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major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market
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zero population growth
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(stage 4 DTR) CBR low to where it equals CDR and NIR approaches zero
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Thomas Malthus
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Essay on principles of population, Earth's population will increase more rapidly than our food supply
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Epidemiology
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Branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of disease
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pandemic
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Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a big portion of the population
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demographic momentum
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momentum of people being born and people dying. Pop growth even with a low CBR
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stage 1
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Demographic Transition- High CBR and CDR. Low NIR. Epidemiological Transition- High mortality due to natural disease and famine.
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stage 2
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Demographic Transition- High CBR, decreasing CDR. Increasing NIR. Epidemiological Transition- Pandemic ex: Black plague
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stage 3
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Demographic Transition- Declining CBR, low CDR. Moderate NIR. Epidemiological Transition- Heart disease and old age disease are big killers.
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stage 4
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Demographic Transition- low CBR and CDR. Low NIR near zero growth. Epidemiological Transition- Better medical for the old.
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stage 5
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Demographic Transition- Rise CDR, stable CBR. Drop in NIR. Epidemiological Transition- New wave of pandemic and ultra adapted disease due to new globalization and transportation.
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diffusion
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the spread of a characteristic through the bodily movement of people from one place to another.
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mobility
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general term covering all types of movements from one place to another.
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cyclical mobility
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movement on a reapating or almost daily basis
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net migration
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difference between number of immigrants and number of emigrants.
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Wilber Zelinsky
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He identified a migration transition consisting of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition.
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migration transition
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a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic that also produce demographic transition.
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migration transition in stage 1
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high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
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migration transition in stage 2
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high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas.
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migration transition in stage 3
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high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
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E.G. Ravenstein
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He studies migration in 3 different law groups: 1- Distance migrants typically move, 2- Reasons migrants move, 3-Characteristics of migrants.
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voluntary migration
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the migrant has chosen to move ex: job opportunities, pay less money
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forced migration
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the migrant has been compelled to move, usually by factors beyond their control
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migration
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specific type of relocation diffusion. permanent move to a new location.
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circulation
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short term, repetitive or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
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connections
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relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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emigration
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migration from a place
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immigration
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migration to a place
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counterurbanization
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net migration from urban to rural areas
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suburbanization
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ubran areas to suburbs
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asylum seeker
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someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
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quotas
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max limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the US during a one year period.
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guest worker
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immigrants from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs
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chain migration
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migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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intervening obstacle
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enviornmental or political feature that hinders migration
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brain drain
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large scale emigration by talented people
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unauthorized immigrants
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those who enter without proper documents
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sanctuary city
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cities with fairly lenient immigration laws that support more rights for unauthorized immigrants
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creole/ creolized language
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language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with indigenous language being dominated
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denglish
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diffusion of English words into German
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dialect
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a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
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ebonics
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African American vernacular English. Ebony phonics
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extinct language
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languages once in use but no longer spoken or utilized by anyone in the world
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Franglais
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French and English combo
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isogloss
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a boundary that separates regions in which different language uses predominate
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isolated language
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language unrelated to any other and attached to no language family
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language
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system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
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language branch
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collection of languages withing a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several 1000 years ago
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language family
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collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
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lingua franca
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language of international communication
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literary tradition
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a system of written communication
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logogram
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symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words rather than sounds
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official language
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used by government for laws, reports, and public objects
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pidgin language
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a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and lingua franca vocab
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received pronunciation
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dialect of English associated with upperclass Britions in London and now considered standard in the UK
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spanglish
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English and spanish
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standard language
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the form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communication
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vulgar latin
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a form of Latin used in daily converstion by ancient Romans, as opposed to standard dialect which was used for official documents.
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ethnicity
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identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth
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race
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identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestry
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racism
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race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superority of a particular race
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racist
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person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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triangular slave trade
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efficient triangular trading pattern durith 18th century slave demand
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white flight
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emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigration into the area
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blockbusting
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real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell low, they bought and sold high to blacks
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share cropper
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works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over a share of the crops
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ethnic ghetto
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neighborhoods primarily dominated by 1 ethnicity
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Apartheid
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physical spereation of different races into different geographic areas in south africa
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Jim Crow laws
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laws and social cods in the 1960s. America that bared blacks from same facilities as whites
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segregation
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the act of denying equal access to facilites in society based on race or ethnicity
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afrikaners or boars
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whites in South Africa
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nationalism
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a sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others
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nationality
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identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
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centripetal force
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attitude of trait that will unify people and support a state
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ethnic cleansing
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effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity
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balkinazation
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process in which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
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genocide
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premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group
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anocracy
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a country that is tnot fully democratic or autocratic but a mix of the two
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autocracy
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a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather that the people
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balance of power
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a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
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boundary
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an invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory
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city-state
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a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside
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colonialism
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an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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colony
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a territory legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
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compact state
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a state in which the center to any boundary doesn't vary significantly
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democracy
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a country in which citizens elect leader and can run of office
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elongated state
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a state with along narrow shape
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federal state
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an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local gov
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fragmented state
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a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
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frontier
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a zone separating 2 states in which neither state exercises political control
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gerrymandering
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the redrawing of legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power
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landlocked state
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a state without a direct outlet to the sea
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microstate
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a state that encompasses a very small land area
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multiethnic state
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a state that contains greater than1 ethnicity
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nation-state
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a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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perforated state
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a state that completely surrounds another one
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prorupted state
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an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
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self-determination
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the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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sovereignty
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ability of a state to have control withing its borders
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state
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an area organized into a political init and ruled by and established government that is sovereign
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terrorism
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the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a pop or coerce a gov into granting its demands
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unitary state
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an internal organization of a state places most power in hands of federal gov officials
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Org. Members promise military aid. An attack on one member is an attack on all members
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Warsaw pact
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military agreement among communist Eastern Europan countries to defend eachother in case of attack
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Eurozone
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Countries that use the Euro. European central bank controls the Euro.
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Redistricting
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The redrawing of district lines
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Arab Spring
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2010-2011. Major protests in 12 countries in south west Asia and north Africa bout change in governments.
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Eratosthenes
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found circumference of Earth at the Equator. Coined the word geography. first maps
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Ptolemy
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first atlas
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Ibn Battuta
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Muslim, documented travels form Morocco to China and remote Africa
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Martin Waldeseemuller
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first map with lable America
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Muhammed al-Idrisi
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worked on Ptolemy's map after Ptolemy let them go, made a go text
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Vladimir Koppen
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map showing 5 climate regions
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Carl Riter and Alexander Von Humboldt
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Environmental determinism. Applied laws from natural science to understanding relationships between physical environment and human actions
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Ellen Churchill Semple
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Environmental determinism. Geography is the study of influences on the natural environment on people
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cartogram
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map that shows no state boundaries but shows data distribution
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mental map
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map from thememory
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latitude
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aka parallels. arcs parallel to the equator
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longitude
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aka meridians. arc drawn between north and south pole
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time zones
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24, standard is Greenwich mean time (GMT) go east- add day, go west, subtract day
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GPS
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global position system
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GIS ( geographic information system)
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captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data
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contour maps
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shows lines to show elevation and physical features
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land survey systems
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meets and bounds, British; long lot, to have more resource access for each plot of land; township and range, land ordinance action of 1785, works with meridians and baselines
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TODALSIGS
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key map features: title, orientation, date, author, legend, scale, index, grid, source
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projection
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scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map
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purpose of maps
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reference and communications tool, art
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conic projection
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least amout distortion where cone touches earth, best at mid latitudes
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planar (azimuthal) projection
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small point on Earth is accurate, and find shortest distance to a point
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cylindrical projection (mercator)
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plot and follow course of travel, good for oceans, distorts distance and map ends
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scale types
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ration, written, or graphic
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big vs small scale
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big shows small area little detail, small shows big area lots of detail
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distortion
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what occurs when maps get transferred
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toponyms
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name given to a place on Earth
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node
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specific point on map
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cultural landscape
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combo of cultural features, econ and physical
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cultural impact shaping regions
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culture is the agent, natural area is the medium, cultural landscape is the result
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region
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area on earth defined by 1 or more distinct characteristics
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formal region
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everyone shows common characteristics
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functional (nodal) region
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connected to focal point
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vernacular region
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informal sense of place ex midwest or bible belt south
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absolute location
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latitude and longitude, address
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relative location
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in relation to other points
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globalization
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world more interactive, making something worldwide in scope
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space
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physical gap or interval between two objects
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distribution
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arrangement of something on earths surface
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distribution patterns
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geometric arrangement of objects in space. some are organized geometrically (township and range) some are irregular.
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distribution density
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frequency with which something occurs in space
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distribution concentration
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extent of a features spread over space
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uneven development
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increasing gap in econ between core regions that results from globalization and periphery of
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cultural identity in space
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space may be designed to appeal or repel a certain group
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behavioral geography
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emphasizes importance of understanding psychological basis for individual human actions
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humanistic geography
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emphasizes different ways that individuals perceive their surrounding environment
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poststructuralist geography
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emphazises need to understand multiple perspective regarding space
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hearth
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place where an idea starts
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hierarchical diffusion
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1 hearth 2 important person 3 later diffusion
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contagion diffusion
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1 hearth 2 first diffusion 3 later diffusion
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distance decay
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decrease in importance and eventual disappearance with increase distance from its origin
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space time compression
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reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place
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network
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chain of communication that connects places
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limitations to diffusion
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government policies, geographic features, ideology, and religion
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sustainability
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use of Earth's resources that eusure avaliabiilty for th furure
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pillars of sustainability
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1- environment, 2-economic, 3-society
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4 spheres (earth systems)
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atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere
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biotic vs abiotic
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living vs nonliving
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environmental determinism
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environment and physical landscape determine human characteristics
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possiblism
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people manipulate environment and land to thrive
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five themes of geography
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1- location- absolute and relative 2- place- site vs situation 3- region- formal, functional, vernacular 4- movement- globalization- look at space, diffusion, hearth 5- human and environmental interaction
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site
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characteristics physical of that place
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situation
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connections to what is around that place
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stimulus diffusion
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spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
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fiat regions
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regions created by people of authority or power. ex: voting districts
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organized terrorism
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organized with central leadership or network in various areas. common ideas and goals but separate leaders
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sheltered states
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states that shelter or conceal terrorist groups
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state sponsored terrorism
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the state sends aid to a terrorist groups to further their goals
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Schengen Area
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area of the EU where border patrol and security is very limited and you can basically just walk into other countries
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subsequent boundary
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developed along with development of a cultural landscape. Ex: Ireland- catholic in the south, protestant to the north
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superimposed boundary
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political boundary that ignores cultural organization Ex: Koran DMZ
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relic boundaries
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no longer in use but the impact still felt on landscape Ex: East and West Germany
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Boundary evolution
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writing of a treaty to create a boundary. Two countries involved minimum
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Delimitation
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process of putting the political boundaries on a map
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demarcation
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process of physically representing a boundary on the landscape. Purring markers on the landscape.
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Border landscape
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Entire process of creating a border 1-Evolution 2-Delimitation 3- Demarcation
