AP Human Geography Mid-Term Study Packet – Flashcards
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Five Themes of Geography (Alphabetical)
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Human Environment, Location, Movement, Place, Region
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Every ______ is located somewhere which is a certain _______ from another place, and a particular _________ from another.
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Place; Distance; Direction
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_________ ___________ and __________ ______________ are what make places unique.
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Physical Structure; Cultural Characteristics
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Every ______ has different a __________ ___________ and different a _________.
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Place; Physical Landscape; Culture
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Places ________ overtime.
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Change
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Places developed to _______ ________ or becoming less fit for _______
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Human needs; Humans
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Places ________ to develop in into something _________.
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Change; Different
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Places are classified into _______, ___________, and ___________ regions.
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Formal, Functional, Perceptual
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Place are classified based on how they are _______, how they work ________, and how others _______ them.
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Similar; Together; Perceive
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The position or place of certain item on the surface of the Earth.
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Absolute Location
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Absolute location is expressed in _______, ________, and ________ of latitude and longitude.
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Degrees; Minutes; Seconds
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The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places.
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Relative Location
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Distance, Accessibility, and Connection affect this.
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Relative Location
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Map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the Earth is quite small.
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Small Scale
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Usually depict large areas.
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Small scale
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A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units.
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Large Scale
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Usually have higher resolution and cover much small regions.
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Large Scale
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Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's GNP; as opposed a formal economy.
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Economic Industries
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Population was growing more rapidly than the earth's food supply because population increases geometrically while food increases arithmetically.
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Malthus' Theory
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Human migration flows in which movers have no choice but to migrate.
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Forced Migration
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Chinese Expulsion act in 1882, Literacy Test in 1917, Immigration act in 1924.
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Quota Laws
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People who enter a country without proper documents
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Undocumented Immigrants
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The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away.
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Intervening Opportunity
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Habitable areas on the earth's surface.
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Ecumene
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Inhabitable areas on the earth's surface; few people live here.
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Nonecumene
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Theoretical amount of people a given area can support.
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Carrying Capacity
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When a population has exceeded it's land's carrying capacity.
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Overpopulation
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Number of people per unit of land mass.
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Density
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Total number of people divided by total land mass.
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Arithmetic
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Ratio of number of farmers to the amount of land suitable for agriculture.
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Agricultural
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land.
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Physiological Population Density
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Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links.
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Chain Migration
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Movement of people and employment away from urban areas to smaller towns.
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Counterurbanization
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The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.
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Environmental Determinism
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A geographic viewpoint that holds human decision making not the environment is the crucial factor in cultural development.
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Possibilism
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Number of births plus incoming immigrants minus the number of deaths and departing emigrants from a place per 1000.
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Population Growth
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2.1 Rate of Natural Increase, the necessary amount for a population to sustain but not grow or decline.
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Replacement Level
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Number of live births per 1000 fertility.
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Birth Rate
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Number of deaths per 1000.
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Death Rate
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Crude BR- Crude DR= ?
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Rate of Natural Increase
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The time required for a population to double in size.
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Doubling Time
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The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 compares to the number of people active in the labor force.
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Dependency Ratio
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A change in residence intended to be permanent.
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Migration
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Migration into a place--- Increases population
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Immigration
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Migration out of a place--- Decreases population
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Emigration
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Belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group.
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Ethnocentrism
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Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien place. Although often established and maintained through political structure. Crease cultural economic hearths.
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Colonialism
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The sum of total knowledge, attitude, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by members of a society.
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Culture
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Heartland, source area, innovation center, place of origin of a major culture.
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Cultural Hearth
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A single element of normal practice in a culture
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Culture Trait
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A related set of cultural traits
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Culture Complex
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An area in which people have many shared culture traits.
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Culture Region
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A cluster of regions in which culture systems prevail.
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Culture Realm
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The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others- disrupting a cultural system.
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Cultural Lag
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The spread of innovation or an idea through population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.
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Expansion Diffusion
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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from one person.
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Contagious Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as the evacuate the old areas and relocate the new ones. The most common form involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.
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Relocation Diffusion
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Something that slows, stops, or transforms a diffusion event.
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Diffusion Barrier
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Cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through "borrowing"
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Acculturation
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A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.
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Isogloss
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Group of language with a shared but fairly distant origin.
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Language Family
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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display of relatively few differences in vocabulary and grammar.
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Language Group
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Divisions within a language family; where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent;
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Language Subfamily
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Local or regional characteristics of a language.
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Dialect
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People who speak their language but cannot write it.
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Preliterate Society
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When parts of two or more language are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
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Pidgin
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A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as a other language by a people in place of the mother tongue.
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Creole
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"common language"-- a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce.
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Lingua Franca
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Agriculture Theory, Dispersal Theory, Renfrew Hypothesis.
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Diffusion of Languages
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Countries in which only on language is spoken.
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Monolingual States
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Countries in which more than one language is spoken.
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Multilingual States
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Place Name
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Toponym
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A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents often believe that their religion represents truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work.
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Universalizing Religion
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A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people. Adherents do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work.
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Ethnic Religion
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A tightly knit group of people processing bonds on language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes.
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Nation
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Politically organized territory that is administrated by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community.
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State
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A recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by people who see themselves as a single united nation.
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Nation-State
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Forces that unite
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Centripetal Forces
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Love of a country and willingness to sacrifice for it.
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Nationalism
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Forces that divide the country
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Centrifugal Forces
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Loyalty to a particular region.
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Regionalism
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The breaking apart of a country through violence into smaller hostile regions.
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Balkanization
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The effects of of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.
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Distance Decay
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North America Free Trade Agreement-- Remove tariffs and smoothed difficulties, promotes trends with US, Mexico, and Canada.
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NAFTA
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Supranational Organization--- Pursue environment, creates jobs, protects citizen rights.
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European Union
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Expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the part that became global in scale and impact, the processes transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales.
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Globalization
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Capitalist
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First World
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Communist
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Second World
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Fear of foreigners/strangers.
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Xenophobia
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Nation in Iraq, Iran, Turkey--- Promised land but never got it.
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Kurds
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Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and move to a new locale.
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Push Factors
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Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.
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Pull Factors
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Large scale emigration of talented people.
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Brain Drain
