AP Human Geography FINAL EXAM Review Answers
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what are the two types of geography?
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physical and human
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the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes
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physical geography
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the branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects or is influenced by the Earth's surface
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human geography
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the science or art of making maps. The "charting" of the earth
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cartography
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what is the flaw in turning 3D maps to flat maps?
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distortion
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what are the two types of maps?
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reference and thematic
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type of map that shows locations of places and geographic features. it also shows absolute locations and is the most common type of map
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reference map
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type of map that tells a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution or its movement. it also shows relative location
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thematic map
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maps that we carry in our minds of places we have been to and places we have heard of. can be form correctly or incorrectly based on the influence of media
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mental maps
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unknown land, place that we know are there but we don't know any details about them
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terra incognita
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movement from one place to another (roads, sidewalks, etc.)
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paths
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what about paths?
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the more frequent you travel on a path, the more you become familiar with it
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the idea that if you have access to another path, then you can go to more places
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accessibility
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places we travel routinely in our rounds of daily activity (place we are the most familiar with)
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activity spaces
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what are the five themes of geography?
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location, place, human environmental interaction, movement, and regions
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what are the two types of locations?
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absolute and relative
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type of location where you are in relation to something else, dynamic (can change)
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relative location
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the exact location of an object, static (cannot be changed), uses longitude and latitude
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absolute location
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lines that run east and west, parallel lines, never intersects
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latitude
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north south lines that measures east and west of your prime meridian
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longitude
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any line that runs 0º is called a ______.
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meridian
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what is the 180º line called?
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international date line
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what is the international date line used for?
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divide the earth into timezones
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GIS
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geographic information system
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storing information in LAYERS, bringing maps together, taking things apart from a certain area, allows for more interaction and data collection on area
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GIS
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the amount of something in a given area
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dispersion
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how COMPACT/spread out something is in a certain area
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density
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what are the two types of place?
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physical and human
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place that has differences that include naturally occurring phenomenas (climate, landforms, etc)
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physical place
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characteristics of the people who inhabit a spot on Earth (culture related), groups that migrate and leave an impact on an area
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human place
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names that people put on places that are important to them (representative of history)
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place names
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the internal physical attributes of a place, including its ABSOLUTE location, its spatial character and physical setting
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site
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infusing a place with meaning and emotion. INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION
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sense of place
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belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, etc.
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perception of place
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how humans use the environment and adapt it in their everyday lives
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human environmental interaction
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philosophy, view on human behavior and success is strongly affected and determined by the physical environment. A WAY OF THINKING, when civilizations consume resources, what are the effects of those resources?
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environmental determinism
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natural environment limits the range of available choices; humans are the sole factor in determining their own direction and success. HUMANS RESPONSIBLE
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possibilism
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concept of movement from one place to another provides the key link to geographers in explaining how we are all connected
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global interdependence
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people moving
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migration
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ideas moving
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diffusion
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all-encompassing term that identifies the tangible lifestyle of people and their prevailing values and beliefs
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culture
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starting point of a culture
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hearth
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the process of dissemination, the spread of an ideas from its starting point to other ideas
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diffusion
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what prevents/slows down diffusion?
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time distance decay and cultural barriers
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the longer and the further it takes for an idea to reach a destination, the less impact
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time distance decay
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place receiving impact of diffusion...
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must be receptive
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type of diffusion that spreads outward from the hearth
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expansion diffusion
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type of diffusion that spreads out adjacently (spreads to area around hearth). don't have a choice of accepting it
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contagious diffusion
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spreads to the most linked people or places first. goes to people who are willing to accept the diffusion and not all people will be affected by it
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hierarchical diffusion
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idea promotes a local experiment or change in culture. changes the idea to something that a culture can accept (at first, the change is not acceptable, so they change it so it is acceptable)
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stimulus diffusion
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movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovations with them to a new perhaps distant location. MUST be through physical movement of humans
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relocation diffusion
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what does globalization do in terms of countries?
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makes borders between countries irrelevant
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area that is defined by commonality, typically a cultural linkage or physical characteristics
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formal region
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region defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it
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functional region
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ideas about regions that exist in the mind and is INDIVIDUAL
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perceptual region
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example of hierarchical diffusion
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rap music
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example of stimulus diffusion
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maharaja burger
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example of contagious diffusion
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diseases
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example of globalization
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iPod
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example of location
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location of a city using latitude and longitude
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study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact
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fieldwork
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study of health and disease within a geographical context and perspective
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medical geography
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an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide
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pandemic
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regional outbreak of a disease
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epidemic
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logical attempt to explain patterns of an economic activity that are interrelated
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location theory
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degree of direct linkage between one area to the next through transportation
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connectivity
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motion that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place. Relates to cultural landscape
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sequent occupance
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GPS
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geographical placement system
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satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or features
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GPS
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a hunt for a circle, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geographers
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geocaching
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a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments far away
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remote sensing
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single element of normal practice in a culture
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culture trait
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related set of cultural traits
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culture complex
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the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment
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cultural ecology
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an approach to studying nature - society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect and are the result of the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated
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political ecology
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the relationship between a distance portrayed on a map and the same distance on the Earth, the representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization
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scale
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what are the three "things" that maps can distort?
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area, shape, and distance
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Who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis?
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Carl Sauer
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Geography attempts to answer why things happen where they do. This is called...
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why of where
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how do geographers answer the "why of where" questions?
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by adding in the question "so what?"
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what is the meaning of the question "so what?"
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analyze the reason why it matters and what special roles does it play
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type of map that shows how something is distributed across space or an area
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spatial distribution map
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a mathematical method that involves transferring Earth's sphere onto a flat surface
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map projection
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a territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and or cultural attributes
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region
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Who tackled the task of defining and delimiting the perceptual regions of the United Sates and southern Canada?
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Wilbur Zelinsky
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a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders, the expansion of economic, political, and cultural process to the point were they become global on scale and impact
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globalization
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one of the five themes of geography that can be absolute or relative, the geographical situation of people or things
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location
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one of the five themes of geography that describes the human and physical characteristics of a location
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place
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one of the five themes of geography that considers to how humans adapt to and modify the environment
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human environmental interaction
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one of the five themes of geography that studies the movement and migration across the planet
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movement
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one of the five themes of geography that divides the world into manageable units for geographic study. has some sort of a characteristic that unifies the area
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region
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the number of infants dying
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infant mortality
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measure of total populative relative to land size
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population density
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measure of ALL of the land, including bodies of water
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arithmetic density
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number of people per unit data of agriculturally productive/arable land
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physiological density
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land that is farmable is called ______.
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arable
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which is more accurate: physiological density or arithmetic density?
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physiological density
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what is the difficulty of arithmetic density?
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doesn't take distribution into account
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what does physiological density do that arithmetic density doesn't?
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removes everything that isn't arable
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descriptions of places where people are spread out. PEOPLE AREN'T EVENLY DISTRIBUTED
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population distribution
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predictor that thought population would exceed food supply
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Thomas Malthus
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what did Malthus think in terms of the growth in population and food supply?
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population grew exponentially while food production grew linearly
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multistage model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization
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demographic transition model
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low growth - high birth rate, high death rate, (birth and death rate cancel each other out), and low population growth
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stage 1 of the demographic transition model
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high growth - high birth rate, falling death rate, high population growth (society: from agricultural to urbanized, raising quality of life)
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stage 2 of the demographic transition model
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moderate growth - falling birth rate, low death rate, steady population growth (urbanized and more industrialized families have less children)
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stage 3 of the demographic transition model
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low/stationary growth - (SPL) low birth rate, low death rate, steady/stationary population growth
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stage 4 of the demographic transition model
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population DECLINE - when the population starts to decrease in number
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stage 5 of the demographic transition model
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demographic transition model correlates to ______.
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industrialization and development
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more people live in _______ countries than ________ countries.
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less developed, developed
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age group in a population pyramid
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cohort
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a graph that shows % of age group in the total population, divided by gender
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population pyramid
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these countries have a chart shaped like a pyramid (looks like a pyramid)
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poor countries
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the _______ the pyramid, the _______ the growth
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steeper, faster
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this "kind of population" maintains replacement rate (looks like a vase)
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stagnation
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this "type of population" in a country grows more older, even less kids, more longer lives (type of population pyramid, looks like a diamond)
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declining population
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movement away from home for a SHORT PERIOD
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cyclic movement
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movement away from home for a LONGER PERIOD
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periodic movement
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the intent of returning home and different amount of time gone
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movement
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a change in residence that is intended to be PERMANENT
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migration
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negative influences that causes people to move away from an area or to not to come to an area
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push factors
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positive influences that causes people to come to an area
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pull factors
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what are the 6 major categories/reasons of push and pull factors?
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economic conditions, political circumstances, armed conflict and war, environmental conditions, culture and traditions, technological advances
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money sent to a home country
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remittances
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why are remittances sent?
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because of family
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movement that involves crossing the borders of countries
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international migration
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movement that occurs within a country, a state, a city...
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internal migration
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movers have no choice of moving to another area
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forced migration
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movers have a choice of moving to another area
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voluntary migration
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maps where one dot represents a certain number of phenomenon such as population
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dot maps
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used to designate large coalescing super-cities that are forming in diverse parts of the world
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megalopolis
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a periodic and official count of a country's population
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census
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the time required for a population to double in size
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doubling time
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is an actual number of population growth that is measured as the excess of live births over deaths. DOESN'T REFLECT EMIGRATION/IMMIGRATION MOVEMENTS.
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natural increase
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same as natural increase but is showed as a PERCENTAGE (%)
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natural increase rate
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number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
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birth rate
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number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population
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death rate
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level at which a national population ceases to grow
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stationary population level
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SPL
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stationary population level
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structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties like education
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population composition
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describes the number of children that die between the 1st-5th year in their lives in a population
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child mortality rate
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how long an average a person may be expected to live
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life expectancy
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government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
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expansive population policies
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government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
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eugenic population policies
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government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
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restrictive population policies
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movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement
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nomadism
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common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers who cross borders worldwide to find jobs
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migrant labor
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a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between high land and lowland pastures
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transhumance
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the five laws that predict the flow of migrants
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laws of migration
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who developed the laws of migration?
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Ravenstein
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a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places; population size of the two places and the distance between two places (population (1) x population (2)/distance)
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gravity model
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migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
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step migration
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the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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intervening opportunity
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types of push and pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family/friends have found success
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kinship links
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pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links
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chain migration
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phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration
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immigration wave
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physical progress whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either bringing people or indentured outsiders
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colonization
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place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and has high concentration of jobs
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islands of development
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legal immigrations who have a world visa, usually short term
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guest workers
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people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum elsewhere
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refugees
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people who have been displaced within their own country and don't cross borders when fleeing
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internal refugees
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refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocations looking for asylum elsewhere
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international refugees
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shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state
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asylum
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laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
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immigration laws
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established limis by government on the number of immigrants who can enter a country by year
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quotas
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process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating
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selective immigration
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the study of human populations
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demography
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the gravity model predicts interaction between places on the basis of...
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their population size and the distance between them
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what continent is most severely afflicted by dislocation?
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Africa
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every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration
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law of migration
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the majority of migrants move a short distance
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law of migration
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migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
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law of migration
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urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas
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law of migration
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families are less likely to make international moves than young adults
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law of migration
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What is the doubling time formula?
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70/r
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Why are women having less children in more developed countries?
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more women choose to stay in school, work on careers, and marry later
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where are the three major population concentrations?
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East Asia, South Asia, and Europe
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average number of children born to a women during her childbearing years (2.1)
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fertility rate
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what region is experiencing the fastest population growth?
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Africa
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______ occurs when a population is adding a fixed percentage of people to a growing population each year
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exponential growth
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life expectancy has increased where?
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worldwide
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the largest amount of people that an environment can withstand/support
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carrying capacity
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what country has the highest rate of natural increase?
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Africa
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a change in the population that disturbs the "flow" of a place
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dislocation
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what is the number one reason for people to move?
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economic/job opportunities
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regular travelling from place to place within one's activity space (usually one's workplace and place of residence)
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commuting
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commuting, seasonal movement, nomadism
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example of cyclic movement
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migrant labor, transhumance, military service
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example of periodic movement
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Egypt (people tend to live near Nile River and arable land rather than other places)
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example of population distribution
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Egypt (people live by the arable land more than the desert land)
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example of physiological density
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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example of forced migration
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economic opportunities, immigration
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example of voluntary migration
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subsaharan africa
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example of stage 1 of the demographic transition model
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northern africa, south east asia, bangladesh
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example of stage 2 of the demographic transition model
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mexico, south america, india
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example of stage 3 of the demographic transition model
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northern and western european countries
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example of stage 4 of the demographic transition model
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example of devolution
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Scotland and Britain
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example of supranational organizations
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United Nations and European Union
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example of compact state
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Poland
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example of fragmented state
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Philippines
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example of elongated state
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Chile
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example of prorupt state
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Thailand
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example of a perforated state (exclave)
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East Timor
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example of a perforated state (enclave)
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Lesotho
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example of antecedent boundary
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Malaysia
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example of subsequent boundary
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Vietnam/China
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example of super imposed boundary
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Africa
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example of relict/relic boundary
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Vietnam
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example of definitional/territorial boundary dispute
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Ogaden region, Somalia and Ethiopia
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example of positional/locational boundary dispute
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Saudi Arabia and Yemen
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example of functional/operational boundary dispute
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United States and Mexico and Canada
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example of resource/allocational boundary dispute
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United States and Mexico
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example of functional/operational boundary dispute
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North and South Korea
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the study of government, power, and politics
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political science
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a system of rule over people and territory
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government
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the means to rule the people; legitimizing
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power
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the process of using power in government, a way a society decides how power and resources will be divided within that society
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politics
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political unit (can be used interchangeably with countries)
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state
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refers to a tightly knit GROUP of people (usually having similarities such as religion, ethnicity, language, etc)
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nation
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T/F? There can be states in nations
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False
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T/F? There can be nations in states
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True
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pattern or behavior demonstrated in defense of a particular area that is claimed by someone or a group of people
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territoriality
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A state MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a state....?
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independent government, permanent population, defined boundaries, international recognition, sovereignty, and gray areas
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when the people in a country have a say in what happens within their government and their country
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sovereignty
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A nation MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a nation...?
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ethnic identity, political aspirations, and homeland
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A nation state MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a nation state...?
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population, territory, sovereignty, government
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close match between political sovereignty and extend of a nation's homeland
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nation state model
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A state that has a homogenous population, meaning the population mostly has one ethnicity identity and one political goal
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nation state
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Nation state that is made through forced migration and restrictive policies
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artificial nation state
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political unit with two or more national homelands
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multination state
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The creation or the existence of multination states may lead to...
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ethnic nationalism or stages of fragmentation
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what are the stages of fragmentation? (in the order of severity)
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devolution, separatism, and secession
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independence movements in peripheral ethnic regions, when a nation is underneath control over another country and kind of becomes their own "country" but they lack sovereignty and international recognition
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separatism
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the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state; when a controlling state recognizes independence in state being controlled and allows some rights
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devolution
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when a country or state separates from controlling state entirely
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secession
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when a cultural unit (homeland) exists across the boundaries of more than one political unit
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multistate nation
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multistate nations may lead to...
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irredentism
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political goal to unify a nation across existing state borders
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irredentism
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nation with political aspirations without sovereignty over its homeland or simply a nation who has a homeland but no defined state
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stateless nation
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what are the two forms of nationalism?
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ethnic and civic
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type of nationalism where a pride of a nation based on identity with specific culture
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ethnic nationalism
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type of nationalism where a pride of a nation is based on government system or political ideals that transcends ethnicity
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civic nationalism
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what are the type of state shapes?
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compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, and perforated
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state shape that resembles a circle, distance from any point of the country to its center is the same, has great geographic stability, and it has its capital in the center
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compact state
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state that consists of 2 or more "pieces," pieces are rather large and are many in numbers, can make some interactions within the country more difficult, are commonly known as island nations, and they tend to have many nations spring up on those pieces of land
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fragmented state
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state that can separate areas due to distance from center or core, "stretched out," and has different levels of development/interaction
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elongated state
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compact state with a tail, has an area that extends from a compact area, can create room for fractions geographically has problems with the extended part, and the extended part is disconnected with the country
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prorupt state
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state that is broken by another country, difficult to maintain, short in duration, and can be separated to two types: exclaves and enclaves
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perforated state
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perforated state that has a part that is separated from the state by another
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exclave
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perforated state that is surrounded by another state entirely
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enclave
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collapse of the government
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political fragmentation
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fragmentation into small states that may not be visible, move to make your own state
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balkanization
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a vertical plane that cuts through airspace and the ground below to determine ownership. You cannot take anything from a territory that's not yours
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boundary
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what are the steps of creating a boundary IN ORDER?
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define, delimit, demarcate, and administrate
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type of boundary that signals where the boundary came from
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genetic boundary
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boundaries that were defined and delimited before humans settled; often exist because of areas that discourage settlement (physical features)
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antecedent boundaries
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can change; boundaries which were developed according to the cultural landscape (people move, culture and boundaries move)
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subsequent boundaries
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forcibly drawn boundaries across a cultural unified landscape
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superimposed boundaries
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boundary that has existed but has creased to exist, imprints of boundary still evident in cultural landscape
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relict/relic boundary
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dispute that focuses on legal language of agreement of a boundary and what documents prove where it is
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definitional /territorial boundary dispute
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dispute that focuses on delimitation and demarcation of border and the interpretation of the definition of the border
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positional/locational boundary dispute
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dispute that focuses on how the boundary is administered and deals with immigrants... How should the border function? What is its purpose?
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functional/operational boundary dispute
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dispute that focuses on how resources are distributed and used by both sides of the border... How do we allocate the resources in a certain area?
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resource/allocational boundary dispute
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what is one of the common resource that countries fight over in boundaries?
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water
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boundaries that focuses on how we divide the bodies of water up fairly for all countries
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mari-time boundaries
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what is the key feature/idea about the UN convention on the LAW OF THE SEA?
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landlocked states have the right to have access to water
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what are the "layers" or the different "zones" of each country's territory over the sea in order?
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territorial, contiguous, and exclusive economic zone
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12 miles off the coast; if less, split between countries. Can treat this area like land; set laws, regulate the usage of resource in area
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territorial waters
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12-24 miles off the coast, can enforce laws for pollution, right to tax, monitor goods and immigration
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contiguous zone
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EEZ
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exclusive economic zone
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200 miles off the coast, includes the previous layers, has the right of resource expolition, foreign nations can put in navigation, overfly, submarine pipes, and cables
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exclusive economic zone
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step in creating a boundary that deals with the writing of the boundary and making note of it
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define
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step in creating a boundary that deals with mapping the boundary
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delimit
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step in creating a boundary that deals with putting up barriers to show where those boundaries are; whether it would be fences, gates, etc
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demarcate
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step in creating a boundary that deals with how that boundary is controlled and looked after; who comes and who goes over that boundary, and creating rules for that boundary
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administrate
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lacks the criteria of a state, but still has a homeland and can exist over many other state boundaries (ex: Kurds)
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stateless nation
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when a nation that has immigrated outside of its homeland to elsewhere and exists in that different state. CAN TRAVEL BACK TO HOME COUNTRY (ex: nations within US that have traveled to here)
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nation within a state
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what are the two types that perforated states can be separated into?
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exclaves and enclaves
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as we move away from the ______, there is more _______ within a country
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center, problems
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a state's shape challenges ________ and ________.
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communication, transportation
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in terms of a state's shape, what are the main two categories for the problems between regions of a state?
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communication and transportation
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how geography affects politics
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geopolitics
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where in a compact state has problems that tend to occur more than others?
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around the borders
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where in a prorupt state has problems that tend to occur more than others?
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in the extended region
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where in an elongated state has problems that tend to occur more than others?
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at the tips
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how we have voting right, how we divide up into districts, states, nations. This mostly applies to the US
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electoral geography
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the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incurrsion from other states
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territorial integrity
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negotiated in 1648, this constituted peace concluded in Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion, contained new language of recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
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Peace of Westphalia
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the idea of "a country is more wealthy the more gold and silver they have." This was a driving force in colonialism. It required a favorable balance of trade. EXPORT MORE THAN YOU IMPORT. Associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade
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mercantilism
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the act of perserving an area and maintaining control rather than destroying it and depriving it of its resources and the WEALTH GOES BACK TO THE MOTHERLAND
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colonialism
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the attempt to control/conquer an area with the goal to exploit resources and riches from there to the mother country, destroy what is in that area and deprive it from its resources
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imperialism
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theory that has three tenets that describes the world's economy
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world systems theory
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world economy has one market and a global division of labor
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one of the three tenets of the world systems theory
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even though the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy
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one of the three tenets of the world systems theory
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the world economy has a three-tier structure
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one of the three tenets of the world systems theory
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in the world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the GOAL OF ACHIEVING PROFIT
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capitalism
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process of turning something that wasn't profitable before into something that is and then successfully selling it or trading it
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commodification
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process that incorporates higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology. This core process generates more wealth in the world economy
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core process
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process that incorporates lower levels of education, lower salaries, and lower technology. This core process generates less wealth in the world economy
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periphery process
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places were core and periphery processes are both occurring
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semi-periphery
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forces that unifies and binds a state or a nation together
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centripetal forces
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forces that divides or separates a state or nation
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centrifugal forces
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a government/political system where there is a core power of a government as well as regions of a state have some political power in their country. This system has the people have a say in their government and they can vote
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federalism
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a government/political system where there is a core government that controls everything in their country
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unitary government
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in the House of Representatives, where each representative is elected from a territorially defined districted
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territorial representation
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the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
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reapportionment
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packed districts where a majority of the population is from the minority
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majority minority districts
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"redistricting for advantage," the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular party or candidate
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gerrymandering
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boundaries that follow an agree-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape
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physical political boundary
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developed by Mackinder, says that Eurasia has a "pivot" area. This pivot area has a bunch of resources, and if a country could control this area, they would ultimately have a tremendous amount of power
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heartland theory
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world order where the US is in a position of hard power dominance and with allies of the US following rather than joining the political decision making process
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unilateralism
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a separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals
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supranational organization
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organization, company, or corporation that goes international to do their business there
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international organization
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historic event that created the boundaries in Africa
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Berlin Conference
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what are the four types of genetic boundaries?
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antecedent, subsequent, superimposed, and relict/relic boundaries
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supranational organization that fosters international security and cooperation as well as help make the economy beneficial
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United Nations
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supranational organization that are made up of European states to promote the economy of Europe
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European Union
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what are the two types of boundaries?
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geometric and physical political
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boundaries that are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range
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geometric boundaries
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boundaries that follow an agreed upon feature in the physical geographic landscape
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physical political boundaries
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the "governmental" idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign
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democracy
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developed by Ratzel, said that a state resembled an organism with territory being the life giving force to try and explain why certain states were powerful and how to become powerful
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german school
question
what are the three tenets of the world systems theory?
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the world economy has one market and one division of labor, everything happens within the world economy, and the world economy has a three tier structure
question
intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, and these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices; as a result, those ideas affect us about our own ideas about places and politics
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critical geopolitics
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1) a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by people
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culture (homogenous)
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type of culture that is small, incorporates a homogenous, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits
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folk culture
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type of culture that is large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits. Can change in a matter of days or hours
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popular culture
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a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others
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local culture
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culture that includes the things that people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and foods
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material culture
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culture that includes the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
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nonmaterial culture
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the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture... the blending or fusing of minority groups into a dominant society
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assimilation
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a practice that a group of people routinely follows
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customs
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the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit
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cultural appropriation
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the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space
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global local continuum
question
the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
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glocalization
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a region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area
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folk housing region
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the spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spead
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diffusion routes
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defined by Gillian Rose as how we make sense of ourselves or how we define ourselves
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identity
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constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other."
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identifying against
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a constructed identity that is based on physical characteristics and other traits (culture, tradition) like skin color
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race
question
what is the number one tell-tale for identifying a race?
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skin color
question
an extreme form of prejudice that involves judging people unfairly and the assumption that a person's own race/ethnic group is superior... a system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals, the concept of superiority attached to a race
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racism
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defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment
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residential segregation
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seeing out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in a response to the uncertainty of the modern world
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neolocalism
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neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or compromised if a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
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ethnic neighborhood
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the process through which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold and traded in the world market
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commodification
question
the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs
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authenticity
question
the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
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distance decay
question
a term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity. The likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness (in communications and transportation technologies) among places
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time space compression
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with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own
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reterritorialization
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defined by Edward Relph, the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
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placelessness
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process where new immigrants to a city move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups and dominate that area
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invasion and succession
question
an identity that stems from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time by common ancestry or culture
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ethnicity
question
defined by Doreen Mossey and Pat Jess as social relations stretched out
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space
question
defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location
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place
question
places designed for women or for men
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gendered
question
in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride
answer
dowry death
question
theory that explains that social scientists (in the geography and other principles) are approaching a commonly used negative word in society and turning it to describe a theory that "highlights the contexual nature" of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the "political engagement of the queer with heteronormatives"
answer
queer theory
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defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio - Spanish word for neighborhood
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barrioization
question
2) people share a myriad of different group identities based on a complex interaction of personal identity, ethnicity, language, gender, and more
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culture (heterogenous)
question
3) dynamic, constantly changing process that is shaped by political, social, and economic conditions
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culture (third definition)
question
how a culture related to another through behavior, traditions, language, and more. Comparing two cultures to see who's "better" or "superior"
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cultural relativism
question
who was the speaker on unit 4's TED talk?
answer
Wade Davis
question
cultural web = ....
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ethnosphere
question
ethnosphere is...
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a symbol of humanity
question
what threatens the ethnosphere?
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power
question
killing off culture in the name of "globalization." Negative like genocide
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ethnocide
question
the arrangement of the parts that constitute society, the organization of social positions and distribution of people within those positions
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social organization
question
socially defined niches or positions within a society. Labels for people
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status
question
every status has expected behavior and duties - expected of thought, feelings, and treatment. What is this called?
answer
role
question
roles can come...
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into conflict with each other
question
roles can...
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change depending on the environment
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interrelated statuses or roles among two or more people
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group
question
by having groups, we are seeing what form?
answer
culture
question
what are the four types of groups?
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primary, secondary, community, and society
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very close relationship with one or more people over a long period of time
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primary group
question
a larger and less loving group, yet they have an intended purpose
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secondary group
question
people who live close together and work towards common goals
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community
question
collection of all of the other types of groups
answer
society
question
when ideas from one culture are spread to other cultures
answer
cultural diffusion
question
cultural diffusion can be...
answer
hierarchical and contagious
question
elements of culture that are present in all cultures world wide
answer
cultural universals
question
what are the four cultural universals?
answer
marriage and family, religion and magic, arts, and language
question
how we see other cultures, our point of view of the things that best represent an area based on what the culture is
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cultural perception
question
a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which why live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
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minority
question
a group of people who are the dominant "race" or "group" in an area
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majority
question
a group of people who share certain biologically inherited physical characteristics that are considered equally important within a society as well as the same culture, language, and sometimes religion
answer
race
question
a socially defined group that is identified by unique characteristics related to culture or nationality
answer
ethnic minority
question
what defines ethnic minorities?
answer
cultural differences
question
a set of ideas - based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification - that is applied to all members of a group
answer
stereotypes
question
the active unfair treatment of people that is based on ethnic race, religion, or culture
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discrimination
question
widely held negative attitudes toward a group (majority or minority) and its individual members
answer
prejudice
question
for years, what two categories have the US separated races as?
answer
white and nonwhite
question
back then, what did Europeans define other races as?
answer
savages and uncivilized
question
back then, what did the Europeans call the region that is now the Middle East and Asia?
answer
the Orient
question
what is the most segregated city for African Americans?
answer
Milwaukee
question
what is the most segregated city for American Indians and Alaska Natives?
answer
Phoenix-Mesa
question
what is the most segregated city for Asians and Pacific Islanders?
answer
San Francisco
question
what is the most segregated city for Hispanics?
answer
New York
question
women engage in what type of jobs?
answer
informal economic activity
question
private, often home-based activity
answer
informal economic activity
question
what is the one region that has not seen an increase in the number of women working in the workforce?
answer
Subsaharan Africa
question
the myth that paints Asians as good, hardworking people who, despite their suffering through discrimination, harassment, and exclusion, have found ways to prosper through peaceful means
answer
model minority
question
the geography of how things are spread out in a certain area
answer
spatial geography
question
the external locational attributes of a place; its RELATIVE location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal place
answer
situation
question
the visible impact of human culture on a landscape
answer
cultural landscape
question
the total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner
answer
replacement rate
question
when a person(s) migrates INTO a particular country or area
answer
immigration
question
when a person(s) migrates OUT of a particular country or area
answer
emigration
question
in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and the minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority minority districts
answer
splitting
question
a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today, the practice is illegal
answer
redlining
question
what are the characteristics that every map must have?
answer
title, date, orientation, author, and scale
