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Political Geography

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study of political organization of the world

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State

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politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government

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Territoriality

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"the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area"-Robert Sack

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Sovereignty

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principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legit rulers of independent states

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Territorial Integrity

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the right of a state to defend sovereignty of its territory against incurrsion from other states

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Peace of Westphalia

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treaties negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War(religious), contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

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Mercantilism

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associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade

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Nation

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culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals

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Nation-State

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politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

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Democracy

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idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign; the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state

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Multinational State

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a state with more than one nation inside its borders

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Multistate Nation

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when a nation stretches across borders and across states

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Stateless Nation

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nations that do not have a state

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Colonialism

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Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Creates unequal cultural and economic relations

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Scale

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representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization

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Capitalism

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economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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Commodification

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process which something is given monetary value; when an object previously not bought/sold is given a price and can be traded in a market economy

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Core

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processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more tech; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy

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Periphery

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processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less tech; generates less wealth than core processes in world-economy

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Semiperiphery

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places where core and periphery processes are both occuring

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Ability

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capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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Centripetal

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forces that tend to unify a country

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Centrifugal

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forces that tend to divide a country

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Unitary

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a nation-state that has a centralized gov and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

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Federal

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organizing state territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons. central gov represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests, allowing these various entities to retain their own indentities

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Devolution

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process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central gov

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Territorial Representation

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system wherein each representative is elected from a territoriality defined district

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Reapportionment

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process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approx the same number of people

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Splitting

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process where majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts

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Majority-Minority Districts

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process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

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Gerrymandering Boundary

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practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible

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Geometric Boundary

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political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc

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Physical-Political Boundary

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political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape

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Heartland Theory

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Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland and in return commands the world-Mackinder

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Critical Geopolitics

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intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics

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Unilateralism

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world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

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Supranational Organization

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a venture involving 3 or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives(ex. the UN)

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