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State

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An area organized into a political unit, ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: The United States

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Sovereignty

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Control over internal affairs without interference from other states. Example: Afghanistan

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Recognition(Legitimacy)

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The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime. Example: Hitler, and the Nazis

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City-state

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A sovereign state that comprises the town and the surrounding countryside. Example: City-states in Mesopotamia

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Empire

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An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. Example: Ottoman Empire

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Ethnicity

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Identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions with a particular homeland or hearth Example: Hispanic

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Race

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Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor Example: White

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Segregation

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The centripetal force that brings two races apart, and divided from each other. Example: Black vs. White

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Nationality

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Identity with a group of people that share a legal attachment, or a personal allegiance to a particular country. Example: American

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Nationalism

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Loyalty and devotion to a nationality. Example: GOD BLESS AMERICA!!!

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Centripetal forces

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Forces that unify people together Example: Same ethnicity within a state.

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Self-determination

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The right for a state to govern itself Example: Declaration of Independence in the U.S.

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Nation-state

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A state in which the corresponding ethnicity becomes a nationality. Example: Japan

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Multi-national state

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A state in which two or more ethnic groups have traditions of self-determination. Example: The United Kingdom

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Boundaries

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The extent of a state: Geometric and ethnic Example: Han and the steppe

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Borders

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Legally defined boundaries Example: "The Great Migration."

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Consequent Borders

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Drawn after a population is established, and represents the cultural characteristics. Example: "The Great Migration"

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Antecedent Borders

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Drawn before an area is populated. Example: The 49th parallel

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Superimposed Borders

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Drawn after an area is populated, but does not represent the cultural characteristics. Example: "Scramble for Africa"

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State Shapes

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Elongated, perforated, prorupted, compact, fragmented Example: Tanzania

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Elongated

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Long and narrow shape Example: Gambia and Malawi

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Perforated

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Completely surrounding another state Example: South Africa surrounding Lesotho and Swaziland.

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Prorupted

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Compact states, with a large, projecting extension Example: Algona

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Compact

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Distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Example: Thailand

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Fragmented

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Contains several discontinuous pieces of territory. Example: Azerbaijan

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Nation-state

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A state in which the corresponding ethnicity becomes a nationality. Example: Japan

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Boundary disputes

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Can be territorial, resource or ethnic. (Can be between states, or ethnic groups.) Example: Sri Lanka: Sinhalese vs. Tamils

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Resource dispute

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Dispute between two groups over a resource. Example: Bosnian Muslims vs. Bosnian Serbs

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Territorial dispute

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Dispute between two groups over a territory. Example: Nationalists vs. Communists. (China and Taiwan.)

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Functional dispute

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Dispute over how both sides of boundary operate differently Example: Canada's powerful secessionist government.

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Positional dispute

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Disagreement about the actual location of a boundary Example: River boundaries

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Law of the Sea

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Regulates trade, exports, and imports across the sea. Example: Guyana - 60th nation to join the city.

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Stateless nations

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Nations that do not have a state. Example: Kurdistan

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Multi-national state

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A state with two or more ethnicities with traditions of self-determination. Example: The United Kingdom

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Balkanization

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A type of resource dispute. Example: Kosovo Albanians vs. Kosovo Serbs

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Ethnonationalism

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"Nation," is defined in terms of ethnicity. Example: Israel's Law of Return

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Shatterbelt

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A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Example: Yugoslavia

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Centripetal forces

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Forces that unify people together. Example: Hinduism in Nepal and India

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Centrifugal forces

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Forces that bring people apart. Example: A primate city

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Devolution

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The rule of a state goes down to a lower level of government. Example: Northern Ireland

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Seat of Government

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The building, complex of buildings or city from which a government exercises its authority. Example: Executive Branch

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Forward capital

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A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons. Example: Brazil

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Electoral Geography

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The analysis of the methods, behavior, and results of elections in the context of geographic space and using geographical techniques. Example: gerrymandering

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State

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An area organized into a political unit, ruled by an established government, which has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: New York

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Province

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A principal administrative division of certain countries or empires. Example: Quebec

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County

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A political and administrative division of a state, providing certain local governmental services. Example: Spain

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Municipality

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A city or town that has corporate status and local government. Example: Brushy Creek

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Gerrymandering

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The drawing of legislative boundaries to favor the party in power. Example: "Stacked" vote

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Heartland and Rimland Core areas

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Political power depended on geographical location. Example: Located in the downtown area: More power!

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Multicore states

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A state that has more than one dominant region in terms of economics or politics. (For example: US, South Africa.) Example: Nigeria

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