Ap human geography chapter 4-7 vocab – Flashcards
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British Received Pronunciation
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the dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the UK
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creolized language
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s language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language wit the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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dialect
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a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
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Ebonics
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combination of ebony and phonics
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extinct language
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once in use, but no longer spoken or read in daily activities
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language
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a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
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literary tradition
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a system of written communication
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official language
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the language used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects; such as road signs, money, and stamps.
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standard language
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a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
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isogloss
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A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
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language family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
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language branch
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a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
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language group
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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
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vulgar Latin
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the Latin that people in provinces learned that was not the standard literary form but a spoken form
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ideograms
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Represent ideas or concepts, not specific pronunciations
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lingua franca
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A language of international communication.
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pidgin language
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A group that learns English or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form
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Franglais
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a combination of François and anglas the French words for French and English
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Spanglish
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a combination of Spanish and English
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isolated language
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a language unrelated to any other therefor not attached to any language family
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custom
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frequent repetition of an act that becomes a characteristic of the GROUP of people preforming the act
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folk culture
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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
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Habit
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Repetitive act preformed my an INDIVIDUAL
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popular culture
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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
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taboo
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A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
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animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
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autonomous religion
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A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
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branch
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A large and fundamental division within a religion
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caste
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A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life
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cosmogony
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A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
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missionary
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A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others
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monotheism
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Belief in one god
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pagan
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A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
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pilgrimage
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A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
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polytheism
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Belief in many gods
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sect
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A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
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universalizing religion
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A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
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denomination
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A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
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ethnic religion
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..., A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
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fundamentalism
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Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
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ghetto
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During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
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hierarchical religion
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a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
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apartheid
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A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.
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balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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block busting
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real estate tactic, getting whites to sell their house cheap because blacks will be moving into the neighborhood
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centripetal force
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An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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ethnic cleansing
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A process in which a more powerful ethnic groups forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
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ethnicity
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Affiliation or identity within a group of people by common ancestry and culture.
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multiethnic state
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state that contains more than one ethnicity
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multinational state
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State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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nationalism
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A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
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nationality
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Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
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nation-state
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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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race
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A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
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racism
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Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
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racist
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A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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self- determination
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Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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sharecroppers
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people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop
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triangular slave trade
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A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.
