AP human geography chapter 10 and 12 test review – Flashcards
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Differences between rostow and wallersteins models
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Rostow: very flexible, optimistic, only looks at individual (national scale) countries, implies every country will evolve. Wallerstein: international scale, nobody can be developed if you are not already (structuralist), pessimistic, takes into account that one country can influence development in another country, can be looked at in the sub-state
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Neocolonialism
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The major world powers continue to control the economies of the poor countries, even though the poor countries are now politically independent states
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Structuralist theory
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Holds that difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways
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Dependency theory
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Holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development
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Dollarization
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The countries currency, the colon, was abandoned in favor of the dollar in El Salvador
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UN human development Index
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Goes beyond economics and incorporates the three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Ex: Per capita GDP, literacy rates, school enrollment rates, and life expectancy at birth, factor into the calculation of the human development Index
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Barriers to economic development
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Social conditions: hi birth rates and low life expectancy at birth, height infant and child went how do you rates, lack of access to healthcare, lack of access to education, and trafficking Foreign debt: structuralist adjustment loans and neoliberalism Disease (ie. malaria) Political corruption
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Costs of economic development
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Industrialization: export processing zones are very favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firms (ie. Mexican Maquiladoras or Special Economic zones in china) Agriculture: desertification, etc. Tourism: creates local jobs, but they are often Lopane and have a little job security. All money goes back to the host country
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Criticisms of Per capita GNI
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Does not accurately represent the economic development of individual places or distribution of money
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Island of development
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A government or corporation built up and concentrate economic development in a central city, usually the capital
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Non-governmental organization (NGOs)
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Try to improve the plate of people. Each NGO has its own set of goals, depending on the primary concerns outlined by its founders and financers. (Microcredit Organizations)
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NAFTA
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North American free trade agreement. Made in 1992 and prompted further industrialization of the border region between the US, Mexico, and Canada
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Primary economic activities
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Taking products from the eart (ie farming)
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Secondary economic activities
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manufacturing
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Tertiary economic activities
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Service industries that connect producers to consumers
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Two types of tertiary industries
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Quaternary: the collection, elation and dissemination of information Quinary: high-level decision-making, research, and education (takes place around government, universities, and corporate headquarters)
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Agriculture in the US
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Less than 2% of the workforce is involved in agriculture production yet agriculture products are still major exports
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Industrial revolution
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Started in the British midlands do too close proximity to iron ore, coastal ports, and coal.
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Effect of railroads
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Once the railroads were well-established, manufacturing moved to or expanded inside of existing urban areas, for example, London or Paris
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The Ruhr, Germany
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Biggest industrial area in Europe
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Primary industrial regions
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West Europe, North America, Western Russia and Ukraine, and East Asia
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North American industrialization
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Started in Lowell Massachusetts, and in New England.
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East Asian industrialization
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Japan's Kanto Plain, depended on raw materials to be brought in
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Russian and Ukrainian industrialization
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Started in St. Petersburg and included shipbuilding, chemical production, food processing, and textil making
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Fordist production
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Dominant mode of mass production at endured from 1945 to 1970, named for Henry Ford, inventor of the assembly line
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Friction of distance
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The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increases in distance over which commodities must travel
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Least cost theory
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Focused on a factory owners desired to minimize three categories of cost; transportation, labor, and agglomeration. Once a market is oversaturated, the location is going to degglomerate
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Locational interdependence theory
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Created by Hotelling, states that the location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind
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Zone of profitability theory
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Created by Losch, states that manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profits
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Deindustrialization
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A process by which companies moved to industrial jobs to other regions with lower costs. (Ie: rust belt to sun belt)
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Flexible production systems
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Firms can pick and choose among a multitude of suppliers and production strategies in distant places, and then quickly shift the choices in response to adjustments and production costs or consumer demand (post fordist)
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Prodict life cycle
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Changes in the production of a good overtime take place
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Just-in-time delivery
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Companies keep just what they need for short-term production new parts are shipped quickly when needed
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Commodity chain
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Consumption, or purchasing an item, is the endpoint in a commodity chain that affects places in a variety of ways
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Intermodal connections
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Places where two or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease the flow of goods and reduce the costs of transportation
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Entrepot
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A place where the economy is centered on the city being a break of bulk point (ie. Rotterdam or Copenhagen)
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Four Tigers of E and Se Asia
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South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Emerged as the first newly industrializing countries
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Break of bulk point
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Where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another
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Chinese industrial region
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D North East district, near the basin of the Liao river
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Second largest industrial region in China
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The Shanghai and the Chiang Jiang district
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Northeast china
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Rust belt
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BRICS
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Brazil, Russia, India, China, and south Africa; these countries are evidence of a shift in global economic power away from the traditional economic core
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Foot loose industries
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Industries that can be located anywhere, they are not tied to a specific market area and transportation costs are not important
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Ancillary activities
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Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries
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Growth pole
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Spurs economic development in the surrounding area
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Technopole
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An area planned for high technology where to go I'm a ration build on a synergy among technological companies occurs (research triangle in Boston, silicon Valley, or Plano-Richardson, Texas)
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A parallel state
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More than 2,000 nongovernmental organization in bangladesh constitute what can be called
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Infrastructure
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Measures of high levels of development can, in part, be determined by axis to railways, roads, airline connections, telephones, radio and television, and so on.
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Proteins
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Subsistence forms of agriculture in peripheral areas produce little in the way of
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Coastal port areas
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When governments the stab list new postcolonial capitals they moved away from
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Nizhni Novgrod
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Detroit south east of Moscow
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Post fordist
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Fast, flexible production of small lots of products without outsourcing around the world
