AP Human Geography- Chapter 1- basic concepts – Flashcards
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Define map
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A two dimensional or flat scale model of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
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What is the science of mapmaking called?
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Cartography
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What are the two purposes that not served?
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A reference tool and a communication tool
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Who first used the term geography?
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Eratosthenes
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What does the term geography mean?
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The study of where things are found on the earth surface and reasons for their location.
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Define scale
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The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map.
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What is the advantage of a map which shows only a small portion of Earth's surface like a neighborhood that is, a large scale map?
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It shows more detail.
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What advantage does a map which shows the entire globe, a small scale map have?
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It covers more area
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When geographers convert the round off to a flat map, that use a projection. All projections have some distortion only the globe has none. List the four things that technically become distorted and various projections and explain the distortion.
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Shape, distance, relative size, and direction
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What place is the designated at 0 degrees longitude?
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Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
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What is the name of the line drawn at 0 degrees longitude?
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Prime meridian
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What is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees latitude?
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Equator
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How is a degree of longitude or latitude for their subdivided?
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Minutes and seconds
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How many degrees of longitude do you need to travel across to pass through one hour of time or one time zone?
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15 degrees
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How many time zones are there?
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24
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Using an outside source find out which country first adopted time zones and that occurred.
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New Zealand, November 2, 1868
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What is the longitude of the International Date Line?
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180 degrees
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Define remote sensing.
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The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.
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List Several things that geographers can map using remotely sensed data.
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The changing distribution of Agriculture, drought, and sprawl.
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Geographers use in GIS, geographic information to store layers of data. Give examples of types of data stored in a single layer.
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Countries, bodies of water, roads, and names of places
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Explain and mash up in relation to geography and GIS.
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Overlaying data one source on top of another mapping services
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Define toponym.
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A name given to a place on earth.
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Identify four ways in which places can receive names
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Person, religion, ancient history, and origin of settlers.
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Define site
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Second way geographers describe the location of a place.
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List site characteristics
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Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation.
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Humans actions can_______ the characteristics of a site.
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Modify
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Define situation
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The location of a place relative to other places.
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What role do familiar places have an understanding situation of unfamiliar places?
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Comparing to find the desired location
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A region is an_____ of______ defined by one or more__________.
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Area, Earth, distinctive characteristics
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One contemporary current approach to studying the cultural landscape is called the Regional Studies approach. What do geographers who adopt this view believe regarding regions?
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Characteristics are integrated
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What is a formal region also called, its definition, and an example?
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Uniform region, an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics, Montana
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What is a functional region also called, its definition, and an example?
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Nodal region, an area organized around a node or focal point, TV station
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What is a vernacular region also called, its definition, and an example?
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Perceptual region an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, a cultural map of the south
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What two meanings of culture did you go for study?
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To care about to adore or worship something, as in modern word cult. To take care of to nurse or look after something as in the modern word cultivate.
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Define globalization
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The force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
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How was the recession that began in 2008 an example of globalization?
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There was a web of falling demand and lack of credit.
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In what ways is globalization of culture of manifested in landscape? Provide an example
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Fast food, service stations,
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In what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization?
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It makes the world more connected and diverse, easier communication.
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Space is the _________ or interval __________ two objects.
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Physical gap, between
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The ___________ of a feature in ___________ is known as its distribution.
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arrangement, space
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Define density
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The frequency with which something occurs in space.
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The way in which a feature is spread over space is known as concentration. What are the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration?
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a. Clustered- if the objects in an area are close together. b. Dispersed- if the objects in an area are far apart.
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List the two different types of patterns given in the text.
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Square/ grid, irregular
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In what ways do ethnicity play a role in geography?
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People of the same ethnicity tend to live in the same areas.
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In what ways do gender play a role in geography?
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Males usually live where they can commute to work easily. Females usually love where they can commute to work and to the kids school.
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In what ways do sexual orientation play a role in geography?
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People of the same sexual orientation tend to live in the same area.
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Define diffusion
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is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space.
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Define hearth
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A place from which an innovation originates.
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Define relocation diffusion
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The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
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Define hierarchical diffusion
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The spread of an idea from one key person/place to another.
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Define contagious diffusion
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The rapid wide spread diffusion of a characteristic through the population.
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Define stimulus diffusion
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The spread of an underlying principle even through a characteristic itself.
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In the past, most interaction between places required what?
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Physical movement of settlers, explorers, and plunders from one location to another.
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Describe the phenomenon known as distance decay.
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The trailing off phenomenon
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What is space-time compression?
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The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
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How has interaction between places changed? (think networks)
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Through a chain of communication that connects places we know more information and can receive it easier.
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Give some examples of things that retard information among groups.
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Culture, languages, and traditions
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Global culture and economy are increasingly centered in the 3 core (hearth) regions of:
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North America, Western Europe, and Japan
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What are the three major reasons for these three areas being hearths?
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a.Have advanced technology access. b.Has capitals to invest in new activities. c.Has wealth to purchase goods and services.
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Explain why the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources.
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Uneven development in the world because the outer edge countries do not have transnational corruptions.
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What are two major misuses of resources geographers observe?
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We use scarce resources like petroleum, natural gas, and coal. We destroy other resources through pollution of air, water, and soil.
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Define sustainabillity
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The use of earths renewable and nonrenewable resources in ways that don't constrain resource use in the future.
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Explain two major criticisms about sustainability.
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Using all of productive land leaving none left for future growth and human activities doesn't exceed earth's capacity.
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What are the 5 types of climates geographers identify?
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Tropical, dry, warm,cool, and polar.
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In what way does climate influence human activities?
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The production of food
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Why are human geographers interested in ecosystems involving interaction of humans with the biosphere and abiotic spheres?
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Organisms interact with both spheres.
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What are the two major problems with which geographers are concerned as far as soil is concerned?
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Erosion and loss of nutrients.
